09:54:41
|
#lvcreate -n vol1 /dev/VG1
Please specify either size or extents (not both) Run `lvcreate --help' for more information. |
| /l3/users/eb/2009/linux3/user :1 :2 :3 :4 :5 :6 :7 :8 :9 :10 :11 :12 :13 :14 :15 |
|
|
#pvcreate /dev/md0
Physical volume "/dev/md0" successfully created |
|
#vgcreate --help
vgcreate: Create a volume group
vgcreate
[-A|--autobackup {y|n}]
[--addtag Tag]
[--alloc AllocationPolicy]
[-c|--clustered {y|n}]
[-d|--debug]
[-h|--help]
[-l|--maxlogicalvolumes MaxLogicalVolumes]
[-M|--metadatatype 1|2]
[-p|--maxphysicalvolumes MaxPhysicalVolumes]
[-s|--physicalextentsize PhysicalExtentSize[kKmMgGtTpPeE]]
[-t|--test]
[-v|--verbose]
[--version]
VolumeGroupName PhysicalVolume [PhysicalVolume...]
|
|
#vgcreate VG1 /dev/md0
Volume group "VG1" successfully created |
|
#vgdisplay
--- Volume group --- VG Name VG1 System ID Format lvm2 Metadata Areas 1 Metadata Sequence No 1 VG Access read/write VG Status resizable MAX LV 0 Cur LV 0 Open LV 0 Max PV 0 Cur PV 1 Act PV 1 VG Size 9.31 GB PE Size 4.00 MB Total PE 2384 Alloc PE / Size 0 / 0 Free PE / Size 2384 / 9.31 GB VG UUID Phwjpa-RBzh-WyPH-r8wM-P4OD-tQ4f-6wgmj0 |
|
#lvcreate --help
lvcreate: Create a logical volume
lvcreate
[-A|--autobackup {y|n}]
[--addtag Tag]
[--alloc AllocationPolicy]
[-C|--contiguous {y|n}]
[-d|--debug]
[-h|-?|--help]
[-i|--stripes Stripes [-I|--stripesize StripeSize]]
{-l|--extents LogicalExtentsNumber |
...
{-l|--extents LogicalExtentsNumber[%{VG|LV|PVS|FREE}] |
-L|--size LogicalVolumeSize[kKmMgGtTpPeE]}
[-M|--persistent {y|n}] [--major major] [--minor minor]
[-n|--name LogicalVolumeName]
[-p|--permission {r|rw}]
[-r|--readahead ReadAheadSectors|auto|none]
[-t|--test]
[-v|--verbose]
[--version]
OriginalLogicalVolume[Path] [PhysicalVolumePath...]
|
|
#lvcreate -n vol1 /dev/VG1
Please specify either size or extents (not both) Run `lvcreate --help' for more information. |
|
#lvcreate -L 4G -n vol1 /dev/VG1
Logical volume "vol1" created |
|
#lvdisplay
--- Logical volume --- LV Name /dev/VG1/vol1 VG Name VG1 LV UUID 3JCL6p-HRZ6-R0g9-W94J-NUWI-VYZB-Amfoul LV Write Access read/write LV Status available # open 0 LV Size 4.00 GB Current LE 1024 Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 256 Block device 253:0 |
|
#lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Origin Snap% Move Log Copy% Convert vol1 VG1 -wi-a- 4.00G |
|
#mkfs.ext3 /dev/VG1/vol1
mke2fs 1.41.5 (23-Apr-2009)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
262144 inodes, 1048576 blocks
52428 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=1073741824
32 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 39 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
|
|
#mount /dev/VG1/vol1 /mnt
|
|
#mount
tmpfs on /lib/init/rw type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,mode=0755) proc on /proc type proc (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) procbususb on /proc/bus/usb type usbfs (rw) udev on /dev type tmpfs (rw,mode=0755) tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev) devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,noexec,nosuid,gid=5,mode=620) rootfs on / type rootfs (rw) /dev/mapper/VG1-vol1 on /mnt type ext3 (rw) |
|
#ls -l /mnt/
total 16 drwx------ 2 root root 16384 2009-06-01 09:59 lost+found |
|
#lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Origin Snap% Move Log Copy% Convert vol1 VG1 -wi-ao 4.00G |
|
#vgdisplay
--- Volume group --- VG Name VG1 System ID Format lvm2 Metadata Areas 1 Metadata Sequence No 2 VG Access read/write VG Status resizable MAX LV 0 Cur LV 1 Open LV 1 Max PV 0 Cur PV 1 Act PV 1 VG Size 9.31 GB PE Size 4.00 MB Total PE 2384 Alloc PE / Size 1024 / 4.00 GB Free PE / Size 1360 / 5.31 GB VG UUID Phwjpa-RBzh-WyPH-r8wM-P4OD-tQ4f-6wgmj0 |
|
#pvdisplay
--- Physical volume --- PV Name /dev/md0 VG Name VG1 PV Size 9.31 GB / not usable 2.50 MB Allocatable yes PE Size (KByte) 4096 Total PE 2384 Free PE 1360 Allocated PE 1024 PV UUID E1faHP-vz6x-9vbJ-hxHU-eOnP-zRdE-lTsNNN |
|
#cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [raid10]
md0 : active raid1 sdb1[0] sdb6[1]
9767424 blocks [2/2] [UU]
unused devices: <none>
|
|
#ÑÑÐmount
tmpfs on /lib/init/rw type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,mode=0755) proc on /proc type proc (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) procbususb on /proc/bus/usb type usbfs (rw) udev on /dev type tmpfs (rw,mode=0755) tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev) devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,noexec,nosuid,gid=5,mode=620) rootfs on / type rootfs (rw) /dev/mapper/VG1-vol1 on /mnt type ext3 (rw) |
|
$ssh root@10.0.35.100
root@10.0.35.100's password: Linux linux0 2.6.18-6-xen-686 #1 SMP Sun Feb 10 22:43:13 UTC 2008 i686 The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software; the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright. Debian GNU/Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by applicable law. Last login: Mon Jun 1 10:17:10 2009 from linux16.unix.nt l3-agent is already running: pid=1851; pidfile=/root/.lilalo/l3-agent.pid |
|
#mdadm --help
mdadm is used for building, managing, and monitoring
Linux md devices (aka RAID arrays)
Usage: mdadm --create device options...
Create a new array from unused devices.
mdadm --assemble device options...
Assemble a previously created array.
mdadm --build device options...
Create or assemble an array without metadata.
mdadm --manage device options...
make changes to an existing array.
...
Shorthand for --manage.
Any parameter that does not start with '-' is treated as a device name
or, for --examine-bitmap, a file name.
The first such name is often the name of an md device. Subsequent
names are often names of component devices.
For detailed help on the above major modes use --help after the mode
e.g.
mdadm --assemble --help
For general help on options use
mdadm --help-options
|
|
#mdadm --detail /dev/md0
/dev/md0:
Version : 0.90
Creation Time : Sat May 30 19:05:30 2009
Raid Level : raid1
Array Size : 9767424 (9.31 GiB 10.00 GB)
Used Dev Size : 9767424 (9.31 GiB 10.00 GB)
Raid Devices : 2
Total Devices : 2
Preferred Minor : 0
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Mon Jun 1 10:00:07 2009
State : clean
Active Devices : 2
Working Devices : 2
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 0
UUID : 4c837b29:665f67d3:3800bd94:de07ae80
Events : 0.4
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 8 17 0 active sync /dev/sdb1
1 8 22 1 active sync /dev/sdb6
|
|
#umount /mnt
|
|
#lvdisplay
--- Logical volume --- LV Name /dev/VG1/vol1 VG Name VG1 LV UUID 3JCL6p-HRZ6-R0g9-W94J-NUWI-VYZB-Amfoul LV Write Access read/write LV Status available # open 0 LV Size 4.00 GB Current LE 1024 Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 256 Block device 253:0 |
|
#pvdisplay
--- Physical volume --- PV Name /dev/md0 VG Name VG1 PV Size 9.31 GB / not usable 2.50 MB Allocatable yes PE Size (KByte) 4096 Total PE 2384 Free PE 1360 Allocated PE 1024 PV UUID E1faHP-vz6x-9vbJ-hxHU-eOnP-zRdE-lTsNNN |
|
#cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [raid10]
md0 : active raid1 sdb1[0] sdb6[1]
9767424 blocks [2/2] [UU]
unused devices: <none>
|
|
#df -h /mnt
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on rootfs 294G 2.0G 277G 1% / |
|
#ls
1 hdddisk.img mnt1 screen.dot screen.png t1.txt |
|
#cp hdddisk.img /mnt/
|
|
#ls -l /mnt/
total 205004 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 209715200 2009-06-01 10:47 hdddisk.img |
|
#mdadm --manage --help
Usage: mdadm arraydevice options component devices... This usage is for managing the component devices within an array. The --manage option is not needed and is assumed if the first argument is a device name or a management option. The first device listed will be taken to be an md array device, and subsequent devices are (potential) components of that array. Options that are valid with management mode are: --add -a : hotadd subsequent devices to the array --remove -r : remove subsequent devices, which must not be active --fail -f : mark subsequent devices a faulty --set-faulty : same as --fail --run -R : start a partially built array --stop -S : deactivate array, releasing all resources --readonly -o : mark array as readonly --readwrite -w : mark array as readwrite |
|
#mdadm --manage /dev/md0 --fail /dev/sdb1
mdadm: set /dev/sdb1 faulty in /dev/md0 |
|
#mdadm --manage /dev/md0 --remove /dev/sdb1
mdadm: hot removed /dev/sdb1 |
|
#mdadm --manage /dev/md0 --add /dev/sdb1
mdadm: re-added /dev/sdb1 |
|
#watch cat /proc/mdstat
|
|
#mount
tmpfs on /lib/init/rw type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,mode=0755) proc on /proc type proc (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) procbususb on /proc/bus/usb type usbfs (rw) udev on /dev type tmpfs (rw,mode=0755) tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev) devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,noexec,nosuid,gid=5,mode=620) rootfs on / type rootfs (rw) |
|
#mkfs.ext3 /dev/md1
mke2fs 1.41.5 (23-Apr-2009)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
612000 inodes, 2443872 blocks
122193 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=2503999488
75 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8160 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 30 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
|
|
#cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [raid10]
md1 : active raid1 sdb2[0]
9775488 blocks [2/1] [U_]
md0 : active raid1 sdb1[0] sdb6[1]
9767424 blocks [2/2] [UU]
unused devices: <none>
|
|
#mount /dev/md1 /mnt
|
|
#rsync -av --exclude={\/proc,\/sys,\/dev} /* /mnt/
etc/sgml/xml-core.cat etc/sgml/docbook-xml/ etc/sgml/docbook-xml/4.0/ etc/sgml/docbook-xml/4.0/dbgenent.ent etc/sgml/docbook-xml/4.1.2/ etc/sgml/docbook-xml/4.1.2/dbgenent.mod etc/sgml/docbook-xml/4.2/ etc/sgml/docbook-xml/4.2/dbgenent.mod etc/sgml/docbook-xml/4.3/ etc/sgml/docbook-xml/4.3/dbgenent.mod ... etc/ssl/certs/DST_Root_CA_X3.pem -> /usr/share/ca-certificates/mozilla/DST_Root_CA_X3.crt etc/ssl/certs/DigiCert_Assured_ID_Root_CA.pem -> /usr/share/ca-certificates/mozilla/DigiCert_Assured_ID_Root_CA.crt etc/ssl/certs/DigiCert_Global_Root_CA.pem -> /usr/share/ca-certificates/mozilla/DigiCert_Global_Root_CA.crt etc/ssl/certs/DigiCert_High_Assurance_EV_Root_CA.pem -> /usr/share/ca-certificates/mozilla/DigiCert_High_Assurance_EV_Root_CA.crt etc/ssl/certs/Digital_Signature_Trust_Co._Global_CA_1.pem -> /usr/share/ca-certificates/mozilla/Digital_Signature_Trust_Co._Global_CA_1.crt etc/ssl/certs/Digital_Signature_Trust_Co._Global_CA_2.pem -> /usr/share/ca-certificates/mozilla/Digital_Signature_Trust_Co._Global_CA_2.crt etc/ssl/certs/Digital_Signature_Trust_Co._Global_CA_3.pem -> /usr/share/ca-certificates/mozilla/Digital_Signature_Trust_Co._Global_CA_3.crt etc/ssl/certs/Digital_Signature_Trust_Co._Global_CA_4.pem -> /usr/share/ca-certificates/mozilla/Digital_Signature_Trust_Co._Global_CA_4.crt etc/ssl/certs/Entrust.net_Global_Secure_Personal_CA.pem -> /usr/share/ca-certificates/mozilla/Entrust.net_Global_Secure_Personal_CA.crt etc/ssl/certs/Entrust.net_Global_Secure_Server_CA.pem -> /usr/share/ca-certificates/mozilla/Entrust.net_Global_Secure_Server_CA.crt |
|
#rm /mnt/*
rm: cannot remove `/mnt/bin': Is a directory rm: cannot remove `/mnt/boot': Is a directory rm: cannot remove `/mnt/etc': Is a directory rm: cannot remove `/mnt/home': Is a directory rm: cannot remove `/mnt/lib': Is a directory rm: cannot remove `/mnt/lost+found': Is a directory rm: cannot remove `/mnt/media': Is a directory rm: cannot remove `/mnt/mnt': Is a directory rm: cannot remove `/mnt/opt': Is a directory rm: cannot remove `/mnt/root': Is a directory rm: cannot remove `/mnt/sbin': Is a directory rm: cannot remove `/mnt/selinux': Is a directory rm: cannot remove `/mnt/srv': Is a directory rm: cannot remove `/mnt/tmp': Is a directory rm: cannot remove `/mnt/usr': Is a directory rm: cannot remove `/mnt/var': Is a directory |
|
#rm -rf /mnt/*
|
|
#rsync -av --exclude={\/proc,\/sys,\/dev,\/mnt} /* /mnt/
etc/sgml/xml-core.cat etc/sgml/docbook-xml/ etc/sgml/docbook-xml/4.0/ etc/sgml/docbook-xml/4.0/dbgenent.ent etc/sgml/docbook-xml/4.1.2/ etc/sgml/docbook-xml/4.1.2/dbgenent.mod etc/sgml/docbook-xml/4.2/ etc/sgml/docbook-xml/4.2/dbgenent.mod etc/sgml/docbook-xml/4.3/ etc/sgml/docbook-xml/4.3/dbgenent.mod ... etc/ssl/certs/DST_Root_CA_X3.pem -> /usr/share/ca-certificates/mozilla/DST_Root_CA_X3.crt etc/ssl/certs/DigiCert_Assured_ID_Root_CA.pem -> /usr/share/ca-certificates/mozilla/DigiCert_Assured_ID_Root_CA.crt etc/ssl/certs/DigiCert_Global_Root_CA.pem -> /usr/share/ca-certificates/mozilla/DigiCert_Global_Root_CA.crt etc/ssl/certs/DigiCert_High_Assurance_EV_Root_CA.pem -> /usr/share/ca-certificates/mozilla/DigiCert_High_Assurance_EV_Root_CA.crt etc/ssl/certs/Digital_Signature_Trust_Co._Global_CA_1.pem -> /usr/share/ca-certificates/mozilla/Digital_Signature_Trust_Co._Global_CA_1.crt etc/ssl/certs/Digital_Signature_Trust_Co._Global_CA_2.pem -> /usr/share/ca-certificates/mozilla/Digital_Signature_Trust_Co._Global_CA_2.crt etc/ssl/certs/Digital_Signature_Trust_Co._Global_CA_3.pem -> /usr/share/ca-certificates/mozilla/Digital_Signature_Trust_Co._Global_CA_3.crt etc/ssl/certs/Digital_Signature_Trust_Co._Global_CA_4.pem -> /usr/share/ca-certificates/mozilla/Digital_Signature_Trust_Co._Global_CA_4.crt etc/ssl/certs/Entrust.net_Global_Secure_Personal_CA.pem -> /usr/share/ca-certificates/mozilla/Entrust.net_Global_Secure_Personal_CA.crt etc/ssl/certs/Entrust.net_Global_Secure_Server_CA.pem -> /usr/share/ca-certificates/mozilla/Entrust.net_Global_Secure_Server_CA.crt |
|
#grub-install --help
Usage: grub-install [OPTION] install_device
Install GRUB on your drive.
-h, --help print this message and exit
-v, --version print the version information and exit
--root-directory=DIR install GRUB images under the directory DIR
instead of the root directory
--grub-shell=FILE use FILE as the grub shell
--no-floppy do not probe any floppy drive
--force-lba force GRUB to use LBA mode even for a buggy
BIOS
--recheck probe a device map even if it already exists
INSTALL_DEVICE can be a GRUB device name or a system device filename.
grub-install copies GRUB images into the DIR/boot directory specfied by
--root-directory, and uses the grub shell to install grub into the boot
sector.
Report bugs to <bug-grub@gnu.org>.
|
|
#grub-install --no-floppy --root-directory /mnt/boot/grub /dev/md1
Unrecognized option `--root-directory'
Usage: grub-install [OPTION] install_device
Install GRUB on your drive.
-h, --help print this message and exit
-v, --version print the version information and exit
--root-directory=DIR install GRUB images under the directory DIR
instead of the root directory
--grub-shell=FILE use FILE as the grub shell
--no-floppy do not probe any floppy drive
--force-lba force GRUB to use LBA mode even for a buggy
BIOS
--recheck probe a device map even if it already exists
INSTALL_DEVICE can be a GRUB device name or a system device filename.
grub-install copies GRUB images into the DIR/boot directory specfied by
--root-directory, and uses the grub shell to install grub into the boot
sector.
Report bugs to <bug-grub@gnu.org>.
|
|
#grub-install --no-floppy --root-directory=/mnt/boot /dev/md1
The file /mnt/boot/boot/grub/stage2 not read correctly. |
|
#grub-install --no-floppy --root-directory=/mnt /dev/md1
Installation finished. No error reported. This is the contents of the device map /mnt/boot/grub/device.map. Check if this is correct or not. If any of the lines is incorrect, fix it and re-run the script `grub-install'. (hd0) /dev/loop0 (hd1) /dev/sdb (hd2) /dev/sdc |
|
#qemu /dev/md1
Could not open '/dev/kqemu' - QEMU acceleration layer not activated: No such file or directory
commandline read: qemu
commandline read: /dev/md1
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~| DirectFB 1.2.7 |~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
(c) 2001-2008 The world wide DirectFB Open Source Community
(c) 2000-2004 Convergence (integrated media) GmbH
----------------------------------------------------------------
(*) DirectFB/Core: Single Application Core. (2009-03-09 17:25)
(!) Direct/Util: opening '/dev/fb0' and '/dev/fb/0' failed
--> No such file or directory
(!) DirectFB/FBDev: Error opening framebuffer device!
(!) DirectFB/FBDev: Use 'fbdev' option or set FRAMEBUFFER environment variable.
(!) DirectFB/Core: Could not initialize 'system_core' core!
--> Initialization error!
Could not initialize SDL - exiting
|
|
#echo 3 /proc/
Display all 153 possibilities? (y or n) |
|
#echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches
|
|
#mkdir /mnt/proc
|
|
#mkdir /mnt/sys
|
|
#mkdir /mnt/dev
|
|
#mkdir /mnt/mnt
|
|
#umount /mnt
|
|
#echo ';' | sfdisk /dev/md1
Checking that no-one is using this disk right now ... OK Disk /dev/md1: 2443872 cylinders, 2 heads, 4 sectors/track sfdisk: ERROR: sector 0 does not have an msdos signature /dev/md1: unrecognized partition table type Old situation: No partitions found New situation: Units = cylinders of 4096 bytes, blocks of 1024 bytes, counting from 0 Device Boot Start End #cyls #blocks Id System /dev/md1p1 0+ 2443871 2443872- 9775487+ 83 Linux /dev/md1p2 0 - 0 0 0 Empty /dev/md1p3 0 - 0 0 0 Empty /dev/md1p4 0 - 0 0 0 Empty Warning: no primary partition is marked bootable (active) This does not matter for LILO, but the DOS MBR will not boot this disk. Successfully wrote the new partition table Re-reading the partition table ... If you created or changed a DOS partition, /dev/foo7, say, then use dd(1) to zero the first 512 bytes: dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/foo7 bs=512 count=1 (See fdisk(8).) |
|
#ln -s /dev/md1 /dev/md1p
|
|
#mount /dev/md1p1 /mnt
|
|
#grub
Probing devices to guess BIOS drives. This may take a long time. |
|
$echo 65536*65536 | bc
4294967296 |
|
$sudo netstat
[sudo] password for user: Active Internet connections (w/o servers) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State tcp 0 0 linux3.unix.nt:33209 hb-in-f19.google.:https ESTABLISHED tcp 0 0 linux3.unix.nt:37509 lizzard.yan:xmpp-client ESTABLISHED tcp 0 0 linux3.unix.nt:60181 hb-in-f83.google.:https ESTABLISHED tcp 0 0 linux3.unix.nt:38490 10.0.35.100:ssh ESTABLISHED Active UNIX domain sockets (w/o servers) Proto RefCnt Flags Type State I-Node Path unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 3193 @/org/kernel/udev/udevd ... unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 8445 unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 8279 /dev/log unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 8278 unix 2 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 8256 unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 8224 /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 8223 unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 7590 /dev/log unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 7589 unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 7316 unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 7315 |
|
$echo 2^128 | bc
340282366920938463463374607431768211456 |
|
$echo 2^256 | bc
11579208923731619542357098500868790785326998466564056403945758400791\ 3129639936 |
|
$sudo arp -an
? (192.168.15.254) at 00:15:60:7a:63:80 [ether] on eth0 |
|
#mount /mnt
mount: can't find /mnt in /etc/fstab or /etc/mtab |
|
#cat /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf
# mdadm.conf # # Please refer to mdadm.conf(5) for information about this file. # # by default, scan all partitions (/proc/partitions) for MD superblocks. # alternatively, specify devices to scan, using wildcards if desired. DEVICE partitions # auto-create devices with Debian standard permissions CREATE owner=root group=disk mode=0660 auto=yes # automatically tag new arrays as belonging to the local system HOMEHOST <system> # instruct the monitoring daemon where to send mail alerts MAILADDR root # definitions of existing MD arrays # This file was auto-generated on Sat, 30 May 2009 18:59:37 +0300 # by mkconf $Id$ |
|
$ping 192.168.15.1
PING 192.168.15.1 (192.168.15.1) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 192.168.15.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=4.21 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.15.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.110 ms ^C --- 192.168.15.1 ping statistics --- 2 packets transmitted, 2 received, 0% packet loss, time 1001ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.110/2.162/4.215/2.053 ms |
|
$sudo arp -an
? (192.168.15.1) at 00:1b:fc:7d:bb:47 [ether] on eth0 ? (192.168.15.254) at 00:15:60:7a:63:80 [ether] on eth0 |
|
$ping -c1 192.168.15.255
Do you want to ping broadcast? Then -b |
|
$ping -bc1 192.168.15.255
WARNING: pinging broadcast address PING 192.168.15.255 (192.168.15.255) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 192.168.15.254: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.696 ms --- 192.168.15.255 ping statistics --- 1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.696/0.696/0.696/0.000 ms |
|
$sudo arp -an
? (192.168.15.4) at 00:04:76:a0:a9:12 [ether] on eth0 ? (192.168.15.254) at 00:15:60:7a:63:80 [ether] on eth0 ? (192.168.15.1) at 00:1b:fc:7d:bb:47 [ether] on eth0 |
|
$ping 192.168.15.255
Do you want to ping broadcast? Then -b |
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$ping -b 192.168.15.255
WARNING: pinging broadcast address PING 192.168.15.255 (192.168.15.255) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 192.168.15.254: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.699 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.15.254: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.678 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.15.254: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.669 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.15.254: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.704 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.15.254: icmp_seq=5 ttl=64 time=0.694 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.15.254: icmp_seq=6 ttl=64 time=0.684 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.15.254: icmp_seq=7 ttl=64 time=0.675 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.15.254: icmp_seq=8 ttl=64 time=0.657 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.15.254: icmp_seq=9 ttl=64 time=0.657 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.15.254: icmp_seq=10 ttl=64 time=12.5 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.15.254: icmp_seq=11 ttl=64 time=0.702 ms ^C --- 192.168.15.255 ping statistics --- 11 packets transmitted, 11 received, 0% packet loss, time 9999ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.657/1.758/12.521/3.403 ms |
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$ping --help
ping: invalid option -- '-'
Usage: ping [-LRUbdfnqrvVaA] [-c count] [-i interval] [-w deadline]
[-p pattern] [-s packetsize] [-t ttl] [-I interface or address]
[-M mtu discovery hint] [-S sndbuf]
[ -T timestamp option ] [ -Q tos ] [hop1 ...] destination
|
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$man ping
|
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$sudo apt-get install arping
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required: portmap Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove them. The following extra packages will be installed: libnet1 The following NEW packages will be installed: arping libnet1 ... Get:2 http://127.0.0.1 sid/main arping 2.08-1 [23.4kB] Fetched 79.0kB in 0s (235kB/s) Selecting previously deselected package libnet1. (Reading database ... 55365 files and directories currently installed.) Unpacking libnet1 (from .../libnet1_1.1.2.1-5_i386.deb) ... Selecting previously deselected package arping. Unpacking arping (from .../arping_2.08-1_i386.deb) ... Processing triggers for man-db ... Setting up libnet1 (1.1.2.1-5) ... Setting up arping (2.08-1) ... |
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$whatis arping
arping (8) - sends arp and/or ip pings to a given host |
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$ping 192.168.16.1
PING 192.168.16.1 (192.168.16.1) 56(84) bytes of data. ^C --- 192.168.16.1 ping statistics --- 7 packets transmitted, 0 received, 100% packet loss, time 6046ms |
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$apping 192.168.16.1
bash: apping: command not found |
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$arping 192.168.16.1
bash: arping: command not found |
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$sudo for i in {1..255}\
> do sudo: for: command not found |
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$sudo for i in {1..255} \
> do \ > ping -c1 192.168.15.$i >& /dev/null \ > done |
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$sudo for i in {1..255} do ping -c1 192.168.15.$i >& /dev/null done
|
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$ping 192.168.15.2
PING 192.168.15.2 (192.168.15.2) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 192.168.15.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=3.96 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.15.2: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.143 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.15.2: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.133 ms ^C --- 192.168.15.2 ping statistics --- 3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2000ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.133/1.412/3.962/1.803 ms |
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$sudo arp -an
? (192.168.15.2) at 00:1e:8c:64:2a:64 [ether] on eth0 ? (192.168.15.254) at 00:15:60:7a:63:80 [ether] on eth0 |
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$ping -c1 192.168.15.1
PING 192.168.15.1 (192.168.15.1) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 192.168.15.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=2.07 ms --- 192.168.15.1 ping statistics --- 1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 2.077/2.077/2.077/0.000 ms |
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$for i in {1..254} do; ping -c1 192.168.15.$i done
bash: syntax error near unexpected token `ping' |
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$for i in {1..254} do ping -c1 192.168.15.$i done
> > bash: syntax error: unexpected end of file |
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$sudo (for i in {1..254} do ping -c1 192.168.15.$i done)
bash: syntax error near unexpected token `for' |
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$sudo ( for i in {1..254} do ping -c1 192.168.15.$i done )
bash: syntax error near unexpected token `for' |
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$sudo nc 192.168.15.1
no port[s] to connect to |
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$sudo nc 192.168.15.1 110
+OK Qpopper (version 4.0.9) at linux1.unix.nt starting. <14959.1243849332@linux1.unix.nt> USER user +OK Password required for user. PASS password -ERR [IN-USE] /var/spool/pop/.user.pop lock busy! Is another session active? (11) +OK Pop server at linux1.unix.nt signing off. |
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$(echo USER user ; echo PASS password ) | nc 192.168.15.1 110
+OK Qpopper (version 4.0.9) at linux1.unix.nt starting. <14964.1243849396@linux1.unix.nt> +OK Password required for user. -ERR [IN-USE] /var/spool/pop/.user.pop lock busy! Is another session active? (11) +OK Pop server at linux1.unix.nt signing off. |
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$(echo USER user ; echo PASS password ) | nc 192.168.15.1 110
+OK Qpopper (version 4.0.9) at linux1.unix.nt starting. <14966.1243849402@linux1.unix.nt> +OK Password required for user. -ERR [IN-USE] /var/spool/pop/.user.pop lock busy! Is another session active? (11) +OK Pop server at linux1.unix.nt signing off. |
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$(echo USER user ; echo PASS password ) | nc 192.168.15.1 110
+OK Qpopper (version 4.0.9) at linux1.unix.nt starting. <14967.1243849405@linux1.unix.nt> +OK Password required for user. -ERR [IN-USE] /var/spool/pop/.user.pop lock busy! Is another session active? (11) +OK Pop server at linux1.unix.nt signing off. |
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$(echo USER user ; echo PASS password ) | nc 192.168.15.1 110
+OK Qpopper (version 4.0.9) at linux1.unix.nt starting. <14969.1243849407@linux1.unix.nt> +OK Password required for user. -ERR [IN-USE] /var/spool/pop/.user.pop lock busy! Is another session active? (11) +OK Pop server at linux1.unix.nt signing off. |
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$(echo USER user ; echo PASS password ) | nc 192.168.15.1 110
+OK Qpopper (version 4.0.9) at linux1.unix.nt starting. <14970.1243849412@linux1.unix.nt> +OK Password required for user. -ERR [IN-USE] /var/spool/pop/.user.pop lock busy! Is another session active? (11) +OK Pop server at linux1.unix.nt signing off. |
# mdadm.conf # # Please refer to mdadm.conf(5) for information about this file. # # by default, scan all partitions (/proc/partitions) for MD superblocks. # alternatively, specify devices to scan, using wildcards if desired. DEVICE partitions # auto-create devices with Debian standard permissions CREATE owner=root group=disk mode=0660 auto=yes # automatically tag new arrays as belonging to the local system HOMEHOST <system> # instruct the monitoring daemon where to send mail alerts MAILADDR root # definitions of existing MD arrays # This file was auto-generated on Sat, 30 May 2009 18:59:37 +0300 # by mkconf $Id$
Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [raid10]
md1 : active raid1 sdb2[0]
9775488 blocks [2/1] [U_]
md0 : active raid1 sdb1[0] sdb6[1]
9767424 blocks [2/2] [UU]
unused devices: <none>
| Время первой команды журнала | 09:48:36 2009- 6- 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Время последней команды журнала | 12:43:25 2009- 6- 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Количество командных строк в журнале | 101 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Процент команд с ненулевым кодом завершения, % | 16.83 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Процент синтаксически неверно набранных команд, % | 0.99 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Суммарное время работы с терминалом *, час | 2.91 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Количество командных строк в единицу времени, команда/мин | 0.58 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Частота использования команд |
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В журнал автоматически попадают все команды, данные в любом терминале системы.
Для того чтобы убедиться, что журнал на текущем терминале ведётся, и команды записываются, дайте команду w. В поле WHAT, соответствующем текущему терминалу, должна быть указана программа script.
Команды, при наборе которых были допущены синтаксические ошибки, выводятся перечёркнутым текстом:
$ l s-l bash: l: command not found |
Если код завершения команды равен нулю, команда была выполнена без ошибок. Команды, код завершения которых отличен от нуля, выделяются цветом.
$ test 5 -lt 4 |
Команды, ход выполнения которых был прерван пользователем, выделяются цветом.
$ find / -name abc find: /home/devi-orig/.gnome2: Keine Berechtigung find: /home/devi-orig/.gnome2_private: Keine Berechtigung find: /home/devi-orig/.nautilus/metafiles: Keine Berechtigung find: /home/devi-orig/.metacity: Keine Berechtigung find: /home/devi-orig/.inkscape: Keine Berechtigung ^C |
Команды, выполненные с привилегиями суперпользователя, выделяются слева красной чертой.
# id uid=0(root) gid=0(root) Gruppen=0(root) |
Изменения, внесённые в текстовый файл с помощью редактора, запоминаются и показываются в журнале в формате ed. Строки, начинающиеся символом "<", удалены, а строки, начинающиеся символом ">" -- добавлены.
$ vi ~/.bashrc
|
Для того чтобы изменить файл в соответствии с показанными в диффшоте изменениями, можно воспользоваться командой patch. Нужно скопировать изменения, запустить программу patch, указав в качестве её аргумента файл, к которому применяются изменения, и всавить скопированный текст:
$ patch ~/.bashrc |
Для того чтобы получить краткую справочную информацию о команде, нужно подвести к ней мышь. Во всплывающей подсказке появится краткое описание команды.
Если справочная информация о команде есть, команда выделяется голубым фоном, например: vi. Если справочная информация отсутствует, команда выделяется розовым фоном, например: notepad.exe. Справочная информация может отсутствовать в том случае, если (1) команда введена неверно; (2) если распознавание команды LiLaLo выполнено неверно; (3) если информация о команде неизвестна LiLaLo. Последнее возможно для редких команд.
Большие, в особенности многострочные, всплывающие подсказки лучше всего показываются браузерами KDE Konqueror, Apple Safari и Microsoft Internet Explorer. В браузерах Mozilla и Firefox они отображаются не полностью, а вместо перевода строки выводится специальный символ.
Время ввода команды, показанное в журнале, соответствует времени начала ввода командной строки, которое равно тому моменту, когда на терминале появилось приглашение интерпретатора
Имя терминала, на котором была введена команда, показано в специальном блоке. Этот блок показывается только в том случае, если терминал текущей команды отличается от терминала предыдущей.
Вывод не интересующих вас в настоящий момент элементов журнала, таких как время, имя терминала и других, можно отключить. Для этого нужно воспользоваться формой управления журналом вверху страницы.
Небольшие комментарии к командам можно вставлять прямо из командной строки. Комментарий вводится прямо в командную строку, после символов #^ или #v. Символы ^ и v показывают направление выбора команды, к которой относится комментарий: ^ - к предыдущей, v - к следующей. Например, если в командной строке было введено:
$ whoami
user
$ #^ Интересно, кто я?в журнале это будет выглядеть так:
$ whoami
user
| Интересно, кто я? |
Если комментарий содержит несколько строк, его можно вставить в журнал следующим образом:
$ whoami
user
$ cat > /dev/null #^ Интересно, кто я?
Программа whoami выводит имя пользователя, под которым мы зарегистрировались в системе. - Она не может ответить на вопрос о нашем назначении в этом мире.В журнале это будет выглядеть так:
$ whoami user
|
Комментарии, не относящиеся непосредственно ни к какой из команд, добавляются точно таким же способом, только вместо симолов #^ или #v нужно использовать символы #=
1
2
3
4
Группы команд, выполненных на разных терминалах, разделяются специальной линией.
Под этой линией в правом углу показано имя терминала, на котором выполнялись команды.
Для того чтобы посмотреть команды только одного сенса,
нужно щёкнуть по этому названию.
LiLaLo (L3) расшифровывается как Live Lab Log.
Программа разработана для повышения эффективности обучения Unix/Linux-системам.
(c) Игорь Чубин, 2004-2008