# This file generated by xconv.pl, included with the xinetd
# package. xconv.pl was written by Rob Braun (bbraun@synack.net)
#
# The file is merely a translation of your inetd.conf file into
# the equivalent in xinetd.conf syntax. xinetd has many
# features that may not be taken advantage of with this translation.
# Please refer to the xinetd.conf man page for more information
# on how to properly configure xinetd.
# The defaults section sets some information for all services
defaults
{
#The maximum number of requests a particular service may handle
# at once.
instances = 25
# The type of logging. This logs to a file that is specified.
# This file generated by xconv.pl, included with the xinetd
# package. xconv.pl was written by Rob Braun (bbraun@synack.net)
#
# The file is merely a translation of your inetd.conf file into
# the equivalent in xinetd.conf syntax. xinetd has many
# features that may not be taken advantage of with this translation.
# Please refer to the xinetd.conf man page for more information
# on how to properly configure xinetd.
# The defaults section sets some information for all services
defaults
{
#The maximum number of requests a particular service may handle
# at once.
instances = 25
# The type of logging. This logs to a file that is specified.
# Another option is: SYSLOG syslog_facility [syslog_level]
log_type = FILE /var/log/servicelog
# What to log when the connection succeeds.
# PID logs the pid of the server processing the request.
# HOST logs the remote host's ip address.
# USERID logs the remote user (using RFC 1413)
# EXIT logs the exit status of the server.
# Another option is: SYSLOG syslog_facility [syslog_level]
log_type = FILE /var/log/servicelog
# The maximum number of connections a specific IP address can
# This file generated by xconv.pl, included with the xinetduest.
# package. xconv.pl was written by Rob Braun (bbraun@synack.net)
# # USERID logs the remote user (using RFC 1413)
# The file is merely a translation of your inetd.conf file into
# the equivalent in xinetd.conf syntax. xinetd has many
# features that may not be taken advantage of with this translation.
# Please refer to the xinetd.conf man page for more information
# on how to properly configure xinetd.ion fails. Same options as above
log_on_failure = HOST
# The defaults section sets some information for all servicesress can
defaults# have to a specific service.
{
#The maximum number of requests a particular service may handle
# at once.
instances = 25
{
# The type of logging. This logs to a file that is specified.
# Another option is: SYSLOG syslog_facility [syslog_level]
log_type = FILE /var/log/servicelog
user = root
# What to log when the connection succeeds.
# PID logs the pid of the server processing the request.
# HOST logs the remote host's ip address.
# USERID logs the remote user (using RFC 1413)
# EXIT logs the exit status of the server.
# DURATION logs the duration of the session.
log_on_success = HOST PID
protocol = tcp
# What to log when the connection fails. Same options as above
log_on_failure = HOST
server = /usr/sbin/in.telnetd
No next tag (press RETURN)
}
includedir /usr/local/etc/xinetd.d
Input is not a pipe (press RETURN)
# This file generated by xconv.pl, included with the xinetd
# package. xconv.pl was written by Rob Braun (bbraun@synack.net)
#
# The file is merely a translation of your inetd.conf file into
# the equivalent in xinetd.conf syntax. xinetd has many
# features that may not be taken advantage of with this translation.
# Please refer to the xinetd.conf man page for more information
# on how to properly configure xinetd.
# The defaults section sets some information for all services
defaults
{
#The maximum number of requests a particular service may handle
# at once.
instances = 25
# The type of logging. This logs to a file that is specified.
# Another option is: SYSLOG syslog_facility [syslog_level]
log_type = FILE /var/log/servicelog
# What to log when the connection succeeds.
# PID logs the pid of the server processing the request.
# HOST logs the remote host's ip address.
# USERID logs the remote user (using RFC 1413)
# EXIT logs the exit status of the server.
# The defaults section sets some information for all services
defaults
{
#The maximum number of requests a particular service may handle
# at once.
# The maximum number of connections a specific IP address can
# have to a specific service.
# Another option is: SYSLOG syslog_facility [syslog_level]
per_source = 5ILE /var/log/servicelog
} # What to log when the connection succeeds.
# PID logs the pid of the server processing the request.
# HOST logs the remote host's ip address.
# USERID logs the remote user (using RFC 1413)
service chargenlogs the exit status of the server.
# have to a specific service.
{
per_source = 5
socket_type = stream
}
protocol = udp
wait = no
service chargen
user = root
{
type = INTERNAL
socket_type = stream
id = chargen-stream
protocol = udp
} wait = no
wait = no
user = root
user = root
type = INTERNAL
type = INTERNAL
id = chargen-stream
id = chargen-stream
}
}
service telnet
service telnet
{
{
socket_type = stream
protocol = tcp
protocol = tcp
wait = no
wait = no
user = root
user = root
server = /usr/sbin/in.telnetd
server = /usr/sbin/in.telnetd
server_args =
server_args =
}
}
includedir /usr/local/etc/xinetd.d
includedir /usr/local/etc/xinetd.d
/etc/xinetd.conf lines 27-58/58 byte 1616/1616 (END) (press RETURN)
# What to log when the connection succeeds.
# PID logs the pid of the server processing the request.
# HOST logs the remote host's ip address.
# USERID logs the remote user (using RFC 1413)
# EXIT logs the exit status of the server.
# DURATION logs the duration of the session. xinetd
log_on_success = HOST PIDby Rob Braun (bbraun@synack.net)
#
# What to log when the connection fails. Same options as above
log_on_failure = HOSTnf syntax. xinetd has many
# features that may not be taken advantage of with this translation.
# The maximum number of connections a specific IP address can
# have to a specific service.
per_source = 5
}
# The defaults section sets some information for all services
service chargen
{
socket_type = streamof requests a particular service may handle
protocol = udp
wait = no
user = root
type = INTERNAL This logs to a file that is specified.
id = chargen-streamsyslog_facility [syslog_level]
} log_type = FILE /var/log/servicelog
service telnet to log when the connection succeeds.
{ # PID logs the pid of the server processing the request.
socket_type = streamte host's ip address.
protocol = tcp remote user (using RFC 1413)
wait = noexit status of the server.
user = root
server = /usr/sbin/in.telnetd
server_args =
}
socket_type = stream
includedir /usr/local/etc/xinetd.d
# have to a specific service.
per_source = 5oot
} server = /usr/sbin/in.telnetd
server_args =
service chargen
{
socket_type = streamnetd.d
protocol = udp
wait = no
user = root
type = INTERNAL
id = chargen-stream
}
service telnet
{
socket_type = stream
protocol = tcp
wait = no
user = root
server = /usr/sbin/in.telnetd
server_args =
}
includedir /usr/local/etc/xinetd.d
/etc/xinetd.conf lines 27-58/58 byte 1616/1616 (END) (press RETURN)
# This file generated by xconv.pl, included with the xinetd
# package. xconv.pl was written by Rob Braun (bbraun@synack.net)
#
# The file is merely a translation of your inetd.conf file into
# the equivalent in xinetd.conf syntax. xinetd has many
# features that may not be taken advantage of with this translation.
# Please refer to the xinetd.conf man page for more information
# on how to properly configure xinetd.
# The defaults section sets some information for all services
defaults
{
#The maximum number of requests a particular service may handle
# at once.
instances = 25
# The type of logging. This logs to a file that is specified.
# Another option is: SYSLOG syslog_facility [syslog_level]
log_type = FILE /var/log/servicelog
# What to log when the connection succeeds.
# PID logs the pid of the server processing the request.
# HOST logs the remote host's ip address.
# USERID logs the remote user (using RFC 1413)
# EXIT logs the exit status of the server.
# The defaults section sets some information for all services
defaults
{
#The maximum number of requests a particular service may handle
# at once.
...skipping...акого Ñайла или каÑалога (press RETURN)
# DURATION logs the duration of the session.
# Another option is: SYSLOG syslog_facility [syslog_level]
log_on_success = HOST PIDog/servicelog
}
# What to log when the connection fails. Same options as above
log_on_failure = HOST
{
# The maximum number of connections a specific IP address can
# have to a specific service.
per_source = 5o
} user = root
type = INTERNAL
service chargen = chargen-stream
{
socket_type = stream
protocol = udpERNAL
wait = noargen-stream
user = rootam
type = INTERNAL
wait = no
user = root
server = /usr/sbin/in.telnetd
server_args = tcp
} wait = no
user = root
includedir /usr/local/etc/xinetd.d.telnetd
/etc/xinetd.conf lines 27-58/58 byte 1616/1616 (END) (press RETURN)
}
includedir /usr/local/etc/xinetd.d
No next tag (press RETURN)
id = chargen-stream
}
service telnet
{
socket_type = stream
protocol = tcp
wait = no
user = root
server = /usr/sbin/in.telnetd
server_args =
}
includedir /usr/local/etc/xinetd.d
/etc/xinetd.conf lines 27-58/58 byte 1616/1616 (END) (press RETURN)
...skipping...
SUMMARY OF LESS COMMANDS
SUMMARY OF LESS COMMANDS
Commands marked with * may be preceded by a number, N.
Notes in parentheses indicate the behavior if N is given.
Notes in parentheses indicate the behavior if N is given.
h H Display this help.
q :q Q :Q ZZ Exit.ay this help.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
MOVING
MOVING
e ^E j ^N CR * Forward one line (or N lines).
y ^Y k ^K ^P * Backward one line (or N lines).
f ^F ^V SPACE * Forward one window (or N lines).
b ^B ESC-v * Backward one window (or N lines).
z * Forward one window (and set window to N).
w * Backward one window (and set window to N).
ESC-SPACE * Forward one window, but don't stop at end-of-file.
ESC-SPACE * Forward one window, but don't stop at end-of-file.
d ^D * Forward one half-window (and set half-window to N).
u ^U * Backward one half-window (and set half-window to N).
ESC-) RightArrow * Left one half screen width (or N positions).
ESC-( LeftArrow * Right one half screen width (or N positions).
F Forward forever; like "tail -f".
r ^R ^L Repaint screen.
R Repaint screen, discarding buffered input.
---------------------------------------------------
Default "window" is the screen height.
Default "half-window" is half of the screen height.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
SEARCHING
...skipping...
SUMMARY OF LESS COMMANDS
Commands marked with * may be preceded by a number, N.
Notes in parentheses indicate the behavior if N is given.
h H Display this help.
q :q Q :Q ZZ Exit.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
MOVING
e ^E j ^N CR * Forward one line (or N lines).
y ^Y k ^K ^P * Backward one line (or N lines).
f ^F ^V SPACE * Forward one window (or N lines).
b ^B ESC-v * Backward one window (or N lines).
z * Forward one window (and set window to N).
w * Backward one window (and set window to N).
ESC-SPACE * Forward one window, but don't stop at end-of-file.
d ^D * Forward one half-window (and set half-window to N).
u ^U * Backward one half-window (and set half-window to N).
ESC-) RightArrow * Left one half screen width (or N positions).
ESC-( LeftArrow * Right one half screen width (or N positions).
F Forward forever; like "tail -f".
r ^R ^L Repaint screen.
R Repaint screen, discarding buffered input.
---------------------------------------------------
Default "window" is the screen height.
Default "half-window" is half of the screen height.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
SEARCHING
Pattern not found (press RETURN)
d ^D * Forward one half-window (and set half-window to N).
u ^U * Backward one half-window (and set half-window to N).
ESC-) RightArrow * Left one half screen width (or N positions).
ESC-( LeftArrow * Right one half screen width (or N positions).
F Forward forever; like "tail -f".
r ^R ^L Repaint screen.
R Repaint screen, discarding buffered input.
---------------------------------------------------
Default "window" is the screen height.
Default "half-window" is half of the screen height.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
SEARCHING
/pattern * Search forward for (N-th) matching line.
?pattern * Search backward for (N-th) matching line.
N * Repeat previous search in reverse direction.
ESC-n * Repeat previous search, spanning files.
ESC-N * Repeat previous search, reverse dir. & spanning files.
ESC-u Undo (toggle) search highlighting.
&pattern * Display only matching lines
---------------------------------------------------
Search patterns may be modified by one or more of:
^N or ! Search for NON-matching lines.
^E or * Search multiple files (pass thru END OF FILE).
^F or @ Start search at FIRST file (for /) or last file (for ?).
^K Highlight matches, but don't move (KEEP position).
^R Don't use REGULAR EXPRESSIONS.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
JUMPING
g < ESC-< * Go to first line in file (or line N).
G > ESC-> * Go to last line in file (or line N).
p % * Go to beginning of file (or N percent into file).
t * Go to the (N-th) next tag.
T * Go to the (N-th) previous tag.
{ ( [ * Find close bracket } ) ].
} ) ] * Find open bracket { ( [.
ESC-^F <c1> <c2> * Find close bracket <c2>.
ESC-^B <c1> <c2> * Find open bracket <c1>
---------------------------------------------------
Each "find close bracket" command goes forward to the close bracket
matching the (N-th) open bracket in the top line.
Each "find open bracket" command goes backward to the open bracket
matching the (N-th) close bracket in the bottom line.
m<letter> Mark the current position with <letter>.
'<letter> Go to a previously marked position.
'' Go to the previous position.
^X^X Same as '.
---------------------------------------------------
A mark is any upper-case or lower-case letter.
Certain marks are predefined:
^ means beginning of the file
$ means end of the file
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHANGING FILES
:e [file] Examine a new file.
^X^V Same as :e.
:n * Examine the (N-th) next file from the command line.
:p * Examine the (N-th) previous file from the command line.
:x * Examine the first (or N-th) file from the command line.
:d Delete the current file from the command line list.
= ^G :f Print current file name.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
MISCELLANEOUS COMMANDS
-<flag> Toggle a command line option [see OPTIONS below].
--<name> Toggle a command line option, by name.
_<flag> Display the setting of a command line option.
__<name> Display the setting of an option, by name.
+cmd Execute the less cmd each time a new file is examined.
!command Execute the shell command with $SHELL.
|Xcommand Pipe file between current pos & mark X to shell command.
v Edit the current file with $VISUAL or $EDITOR.
V Print version number of "less".
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
OPTIONS
Most options may be changed either on the command line,
or from within less by using the - or -- command.
Options may be given in one of two forms: either a single
character preceded by a -, or a name preceeded by --.
-? ........ --help
Display help (from command line).
-a ........ --search-skip-screen
Forward search skips current screen.
-b [N] .... --buffers=[N]
Number of buffers.
-B ........ --auto-buffers
Don't automatically allocate buffers for pipes.
-c ........ --clear-screen
Repaint by clearing rather than scrolling.
-d ........ --dumb
Dumb terminal.
-D [xn.n] . --color=xn.n
Set screen colors. (MS-DOS only)
-e -E .... --quit-at-eof --QUIT-AT-EOF
Quit at end of file.
-f ........ --force
Force open non-regular files.
-F ........ --quit-if-one-screen
Quit if entire file fits on first screen.
-g ........ --hilite-search
Highlight only last match for searches.
-G ........ --HILITE-SEARCH
Don't highlight any matches for searches.
-h [N] .... --max-back-scroll=[N]
Backward scroll limit.
-i ........ --ignore-case
Ignore case in searches that do not contain uppercase.
-I ........ --IGNORE-CASE
Ignore case in all searches.
-j [N] .... --jump-target=[N]
Screen position of target lines.
-J ........ --status-column
Display a status column at left edge of screen.
-k [file] . --lesskey-file=[file]
Use a lesskey file.
-L ........ --no-lessopen
Ignore the LESSOPEN environment variable.
-m -M .... --long-prompt --LONG-PROMPT
Set prompt style.
-n -N .... --line-numbers --LINE-NUMBERS
Don't use line numbers.
-o [file] . --log-file=[file]
Copy to log file (standard input only).
-O [file] . --LOG-FILE=[file]
Copy to log file (unconditionally overwrite).
-p [pattern] --pattern=[pattern]
Start at pattern (from command line).
-P [prompt] --prompt=[prompt]
Define new prompt.
-q -Q .... --quiet --QUIET --silent --SILENT
Quiet the terminal bell.
-r -R .... --raw-control-chars --RAW-CONTROL-CHARS
Output "raw" control characters.
-s ........ --squeeze-blank-lines
Squeeze multiple blank lines.
-S ........ --chop-long-lines
Chop long lines.
-t [tag] .. --tag=[tag]
Find a tag.
-T [tagsfile] --tag-file=[tagsfile]
Use an alternate tags file.
-u -U .... --underline-special --UNDERLINE-SPECIAL
Change handling of backspaces.
-V ........ --version
Display the version number of "less".
-w ........ --hilite-unread
Highlight first new line after forward-screen.
-W ........ --HILITE-UNREAD
Highlight first new line after any forward movement.
-x [N[,...]] --tabs=[N[,...]]
Set tab stops.
-X ........ --no-init
Don't use termcap init/deinit strings.
--no-keypad
Don't use termcap keypad init/deinit strings.
-y [N] .... --max-forw-scroll=[N]
Forward scroll limit.
-z [N] .... --window=[N]
Set size of window.
-" [c[c]] . --quotes=[c[c]]
Set shell quote characters.
-~ ........ --tilde
Don't display tildes after end of file.
-# [N] .... --shift=[N]
Horizontal scroll amount (0 = one half screen width)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
LINE EDITING
These keys can be used to edit text being entered
on the "command line" at the bottom of the screen.
RightArrow ESC-l Move cursor right one character.
LeftArrow ESC-h Move cursor left one character.
CNTL-RightArrow ESC-RightArrow ESC-w Move cursor right one word.
CNTL-LeftArrow ESC-LeftArrow ESC-b Move cursor left one word.
HOME ESC-0 Move cursor to start of line.
END ESC-$ Move cursor to end of line.
BACKSPACE Delete char to left of cursor.
DELETE ESC-x Delete char under cursor.
CNTL-BACKSPACE ESC-BACKSPACE Delete word to left of cursor.
CNTL-DELETE ESC-DELETE ESC-X Delete word under cursor.
CNTL-U ESC (MS-DOS only) Delete entire line.
UpArrow ESC-k Retrieve previous command line.
DownArrow ESC-j Retrieve next command line.
TAB Complete filename & cycle.
SHIFT-TAB ESC-TAB Complete filename & reverse cycle.
SUMMARY OF LESS COMMANDS
Commands marked with * may be preceded by a number, N.
Notes in parentheses indicate the behavior if N is given.
h H Display this help.
q :q Q :Q ZZ Exit.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
MOVING
e ^E j ^N CR * Forward one line (or N lines).
y ^Y k ^K ^P * Backward one line (or N lines).
f ^F ^V SPACE * Forward one window (or N lines).
b ^B ESC-v * Backward one window (or N lines).
z * Forward one window (and set window to N).
w * Backward one window (and set window to N).
ESC-SPACE * Forward one window, but don't stop at end-of-file.
d ^D * Forward one half-window (and set half-window to N).
u ^U * Backward one half-window (and set half-window to N).
ESC-) RightArrow * Left one half screen width (or N positions).
ESC-( LeftArrow * Right one half screen width (or N positions).
F Forward forever; like "tail -f".
r ^R ^L Repaint screen.
R Repaint screen, discarding buffered input.
---------------------------------------------------
Default "window" is the screen height.
Default "half-window" is half of the screen height.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
SEARCHING
/pattern * Search forward for (N-th) matching line.
?pattern * Search backward for (N-th) matching line.
n * Repeat previous search (for N-th occurrence).
N * Repeat previous search in reverse direction.
ESC-n * Repeat previous search, spanning files..
ESC-N * Repeat previous search, reverse dir. & spanning files.
ESC-u Undo (toggle) search highlighting.
&pattern * Display only matching lines
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Search patterns may be modified by one or more of:
^N or ! Search for NON-matching lines.
^E or * Search multiple files (pass thru END OF FILE).
^F or @ Start search at FIRST file (for /) or last file (for ?).
^K Highlight matches, but don't move (KEEP position).
^R Don't use REGULAR EXPRESSIONS.N lines).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
z * Forward one window (and set window to N).
JUMPINGe window (and set window to N).
ESC-SPACE * Forward one window, but don't stop at end-of-file.
g < ESC-< * Go to first line in file (or line N).f-window to N).
G > ESC-> * Go to last line in file (or line N).lf-window to N).
p % * Go to beginning of file (or N percent into file).
t * Go to the (N-th) next tag.h (or N positions).
T * Go to the (N-th) previous tag.".
{ ( [ * Find close bracket } ) ].
} ) ] * Find open bracket { ( [.ng buffered input.
ESC-^F <c1> <c2> * Find close bracket <c2>.------------
ESC-^B <c1> <c2> * Find open bracket <c1>
---------------------------------------------------
Each "find close bracket" command goes forward to the close bracket
matching the (N-th) open bracket in the top line.
Each "find open bracket" command goes backward to the open bracket
No next tag (press RETURN)
matching the (N-th) close bracket in the bottom line.
m<letter> Mark the current position with <letter>.
'<letter> Go to a previously marked position.
'' Go to the previous position.
^X^X Same as '.
---------------------------------------------------
A mark is any upper-case or lower-case letter.
Certain marks are predefined:
^ means beginning of the file
$ means end of the file
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHANGING FILES
:e [file] Examine a new file.
^X^V Same as :e.
:n * Examine the (N-th) next file from the command line.
:p * Examine the (N-th) previous file from the command line.
:x * Examine the first (or N-th) file from the command line.
:d Delete the current file from the command line list.
= ^G :f Print current file name.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
MISCELLANEOUS COMMANDS
-<flag> Toggle a command line option [see OPTIONS below].
--<name> Toggle a command line option, by name.
_<flag> Display the setting of a command line option.
__<name> Display the setting of an option, by name.
+cmd Execute the less cmd each time a new file is examined.
!command Execute the shell command with $SHELL.
|Xcommand Pipe file between current pos & mark X to shell command.
v Edit the current file with $VISUAL or $EDITOR.
V Print version number of "less".
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
OPTIONS
Most options may be changed either on the command line,
or from within less by using the - or -- command.
Options may be given in one of two forms: either a single
character preceded by a -, or a name preceeded by --.
-? ........ --help
Display help (from command line).
-a ........ --search-skip-screen
Forward search skips current screen.
-b [N] .... --buffers=[N]
Number of buffers.
-B ........ --auto-buffers
Don't automatically allocate buffers for pipes.
-c ........ --clear-screen
Repaint by clearing rather than scrolling.
-d ........ --dumb
Dumb terminal.
-D [xn.n] . --color=xn.n
Set screen colors. (MS-DOS only)
-e -E .... --quit-at-eof --QUIT-AT-EOF
Quit at end of file.
-f ........ --force
Force open non-regular files.
-F ........ --quit-if-one-screen
Quit if entire file fits on first screen.
-g ........ --hilite-search
Highlight only last match for searches.
-G ........ --HILITE-SEARCH
Don't highlight any matches for searches.
-h [N] .... --max-back-scroll=[N]
Backward scroll limit.
-i ........ --ignore-case
Ignore case in searches that do not contain uppercase.
-I ........ --IGNORE-CASE
Ignore case in all searches.
-j [N] .... --jump-target=[N]
Screen position of target lines.
-J ........ --status-column
Display a status column at left edge of screen.
-k [file] . --lesskey-file=[file]
Use a lesskey file.
-L ........ --no-lessopen
Ignore the LESSOPEN environment variable.
-m -M .... --long-prompt --LONG-PROMPT
Set prompt style.
-n -N .... --line-numbers --LINE-NUMBERS
Don't use line numbers.
-o [file] . --log-file=[file]
Copy to log file (standard input only).
-O [file] . --LOG-FILE=[file]
Copy to log file (unconditionally overwrite).
-p [pattern] --pattern=[pattern]
Start at pattern (from command line).
-P [prompt] --prompt=[prompt]
Define new prompt.
-q -Q .... --quiet --QUIET --silent --SILENT
Quiet the terminal bell.
-r -R .... --raw-control-chars --RAW-CONTROL-CHARS
Output "raw" control characters.
-s ........ --squeeze-blank-lines
SUMMARY OF LESS COMMANDS
Commands marked with * may be preceded by a number, N.
Notes in parentheses indicate the behavior if N is given.
h H Display this help.
q :q Q :Q ZZ Exit.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
MOVING
e ^E j ^N CR * Forward one line (or N lines).
y ^Y k ^K ^P * Backward one line (or N lines).
f ^F ^V SPACE * Forward one window (or N lines).
b ^B ESC-v * Backward one window (or N lines).
z * Forward one window (and set window to N).
w * Backward one window (and set window to N).
ESC-SPACE * Forward one window, but don't stop at end-of-file.
d ^D * Forward one half-window (and set half-window to N).
u ^U * Backward one half-window (and set half-window to N).
ESC-) RightArrow * Left one half screen width (or N positions).
ESC-( LeftArrow * Right one half screen width (or N positions).
F Forward forever; like "tail -f".
r ^R ^L Repaint screen.
R Repaint screen, discarding buffered input.
---------------------------------------------------
Default "window" is the screen height.
Default "half-window" is half of the screen height.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
SEARCHING
/pattern * Search forward for (N-th) matching line.
?pattern * Search backward for (N-th) matching line.
n * Repeat previous search (for N-th occurrence).
N * Repeat previous search in reverse direction.
ESC-n * Repeat previous search, spanning files.
ESC-N * Repeat previous search, reverse dir. & spanning files.
ESC-u Undo (toggle) search highlighting.
&pattern * Display only matching lines
---------------------------------------------------
Search patterns may be modified by one or more of:
^N or ! Search for NON-matching lines.
^E or * Search multiple files (pass thru END OF FILE).
^F or @ Start search at FIRST file (for /) or last file (for ?).
^K Highlight matches, but don't move (KEEP position).
^R Don't use REGULAR EXPRESSIONS.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
JUMPING
g < ESC-< * Go to first line in file (or line N).
G > ESC-> * Go to last line in file (or line N).
p % * Go to beginning of file (or N percent into file).
t * Go to the (N-th) next tag.
T * Go to the (N-th) previous tag.
{ ( [ * Find close bracket } ) ].
} ) ] * Find open bracket { ( [.
ESC-^F <c1> <c2> * Find close bracket <c2>.
ESC-^B <c1> <c2> * Find open bracket <c1>
---------------------------------------------------
Each "find close bracket" command goes forward to the close bracket
matching the (N-th) open bracket in the top line.
Each "find open bracket" command goes backward to the open bracket
matching the (N-th) close bracket in the bottom line.
m<letter> Mark the current position with <letter>.
'<letter> Go to a previously marked position.
'' Go to the previous position.
^X^X Same as '.
---------------------------------------------------
A mark is any upper-case or lower-case letter.
Certain marks are predefined:
^ means beginning of the file
$ means end of the file
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHANGING FILES
:e [file] Examine a new file.
^X^V Same as :e.
:n * Examine the (N-th) next file from the command line.
:p * Examine the (N-th) previous file from the command line.
:x * Examine the first (or N-th) file from the command line.
:d Delete the current file from the command line list.
= ^G :f Print current file name.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
MISCELLANEOUS COMMANDS
-<flag> Toggle a command line option [see OPTIONS below].
--<name> Toggle a command line option, by name.
_<flag> Display the setting of a command line option.
__<name> Display the setting of an option, by name.
+cmd Execute the less cmd each time a new file is examined.
!command Execute the shell command with $SHELL.
|Xcommand Pipe file between current pos & mark X to shell command.
v Edit the current file with $VISUAL or $EDITOR.
V Print version number of "less".
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
OPTIONS
Most options may be changed either on the command line,
or from within less by using the - or -- command.
Options may be given in one of two forms: either a single
character preceded by a -, or a name preceeded by --.
-? ........ --help
Display help (from command line).
-a ........ --search-skip-screen
Forward search skips current screen.
-b [N] .... --buffers=[N]
Number of buffers.
-B ........ --auto-buffers
Don't automatically allocate buffers for pipes.
-c ........ --clear-screen
Repaint by clearing rather than scrolling.
-d ........ --dumb
Dumb terminal.
-D [xn.n] . --color=xn.n
Set screen colors. (MS-DOS only)
-e -E .... --quit-at-eof --QUIT-AT-EOF
Quit at end of file.
-f ........ --force
Force open non-regular files.
-F ........ --quit-if-one-screen
Quit if entire file fits on first screen.
-g ........ --hilite-search
Highlight only last match for searches.
-G ........ --HILITE-SEARCH
Don't highlight any matches for searches.
-h [N] .... --max-back-scroll=[N]
Backward scroll limit.
-i ........ --ignore-case
Ignore case in searches that do not contain uppercase.
-I ........ --IGNORE-CASE
Ignore case in all searches.
-j [N] .... --jump-target=[N]
Screen position of target lines.
-J ........ --status-column
Display a status column at left edge of screen.
-k [file] . --lesskey-file=[file]
Use a lesskey file.
-L ........ --no-lessopen
Ignore the LESSOPEN environment variable.
-m -M .... --long-prompt --LONG-PROMPT
Set prompt style.
-n -N .... --line-numbers --LINE-NUMBERS
Don't use line numbers.
-o [file] . --log-file=[file]
Copy to log file (standard input only).
-O [file] . --LOG-FILE=[file]
Copy to log file (unconditionally overwrite).
-p [pattern] --pattern=[pattern]
Start at pattern (from command line).
-P [prompt] --prompt=[prompt]
Define new prompt.
-q -Q .... --quiet --QUIET --silent --SILENT
Quiet the terminal bell.
-r -R .... --raw-control-chars --RAW-CONTROL-CHARS
Output "raw" control characters.
-s ........ --squeeze-blank-lines
Squeeze multiple blank lines.
-S ........ --chop-long-lines
Chop long lines.
-t [tag] .. --tag=[tag]
Find a tag.
-T [tagsfile] --tag-file=[tagsfile]
Use an alternate tags file.
-u -U .... --underline-special --UNDERLINE-SPECIAL
Start at pattern (from command line).
-P [prompt] --prompt=[prompt]
Define new prompt.
-q -Q .... --quiet --QUIET --silent --SILENT
Quiet the terminal bell.
-r -R .... --raw-control-chars --RAW-CONTROL-CHARS
Output "raw" control characters.
-s ........ --squeeze-blank-lines
Squeeze multiple blank lines.
-S ........ --chop-long-lines
Chop long lines.
-t [tag] .. --tag=[tag]
Find a tag.
-T [tagsfile] --tag-file=[tagsfile]
Use an alternate tags file.
-u -U .... --underline-special --UNDERLINE-SPECIAL
Change handling of backspaces.
-V ........ --version
Display the version number of "less".
-w ........ --hilite-unread
Highlight first new line after forward-screen.
-W ........ --HILITE-UNREAD
Highlight first new line after any forward movement.
-x [N[,...]] --tabs=[N[,...]]
Set tab stops.
-X ........ --no-init
Don't use termcap init/deinit strings.
--no-keypad
Don't use termcap keypad init/deinit strings.
-y [N] .... --max-forw-scroll=[N]
Forward scroll limit.
-z [N] .... --window=[N]
Set size of window.
-" [c[c]] . --quotes=[c[c]]
Set shell quote characters.of "less".
-~ ........ --tildee-unread
Don't display tildes after end of file.screen.
-# [N] .... --shift=[N]READ
Horizontal scroll amount (0 = one half screen width)
-x [N[,...]] --tabs=[N[,...]]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-X ........ --no-init
LINE EDITINGit/deinit strings.
--no-keypad
These keys can be used to edit text being entered ings.
on the "command line" at the bottom of the screen.
Forward scroll limit.
RightArrow ESC-l Move cursor right one character.
LeftArrow ESC-h Move cursor left one character.
CNTL-RightArrow ESC-RightArrow ESC-w Move cursor right one word.
CNTL-LeftArrow ESC-LeftArrow ESC-b Move cursor left one word.
HOME ESC-0 Move cursor to start of line.
Don't display tildes after end of file.
-# [N] .... --shift=[N]
Horizontal scroll amount (0 = one half screen width)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
LINE EDITING
These keys can be used to edit text being entered
on the "command line" at the bottom of the screen.
RightArrow ESC-l Move cursor right one character.
LeftArrow ESC-h Move cursor left one character.
CNTL-RightArrow ESC-RightArrow ESC-w Move cursor right one word.
CNTL-LeftArrow ESC-LeftArrow ESC-b Move cursor left one word.
HOME ESC-0 Move cursor to start of line.
END ESC-$ Move cursor to end of line.
BACKSPACE Delete char to left of cursor.
DELETE ESC-x Delete char under cursor.
CNTL-BACKSPACE ESC-BACKSPACE Delete word to left of cursor.
CNTL-DELETE ESC-DELETE ESC-X Delete word under cursor.
CNTL-U ESC (MS-DOS only) Delete entire line.
UpArrow ESC-k Retrieve previous command line.
DownArrow ESC-j Retrieve next command line.
TAB Complete filename & cycle.
SHIFT-TAB ESC-TAB Complete filename & reverse cycle.
CNTL-L Complete filename, list all.
# the equivalent in xinetd.conf syntax. xinetd has many
# features that may not be taken advantage of with this translation.
# Please refer to the xinetd.conf man page for more information
# on how to properly configure xinetd.
# The defaults section sets some information for all services
defaults
{
#The maximum number of requests a particular service may handle
# at once.
instances = 25
# The type of logging. This logs to a file that is specified.
# Another option is: SYSLOG syslog_facility [syslog_level]
log_type = FILE /var/log/servicelog
# What to log when the connection succeeds.
# PID logs the pid of the server processing the request.
# HOST logs the remote host's ip address.
# USERID logs the remote user (using RFC 1413)
# EXIT logs the exit status of the server.
-u -U .... --underline-special --UNDERLINE-SPECIAL
Change handling of backspaces.
-V ........ --version
Display the version number of "less".
-w ........ --hilite-unread
Highlight first new line after forward-screen.
-W ........ --HILITE-UNREAD
Highlight first new line after any forward movement.
-x [N[,...]] --tabs=[N[,...]]
Set tab stops.
-X ........ --no-init
Don't use termcap init/deinit strings.
--no-keypad
Don't use termcap keypad init/deinit strings.
-y [N] .... --max-forw-scroll=[N]
Forward scroll limit.
-z [N] .... --window=[N]
END ESC-$ Move cursor to end of line.
BACKSPACE Delete char to left of cursor.
DELETE ESC-x Delete char under cursor.
CNTL-BACKSPACE ESC-BACKSPACE Delete word to left of cursor.
CNTL-DELETE ESC-DELETE ESC-X Delete word under cursor.
CNTL-U ESC (MS-DOS only) Delete entire line.
UpArrow ESC-k Retrieve previous command line.
DownArrow ESC-j Retrieve next command line.
TAB Complete filename & cycle.
# DURATION logs the duration of the session.sor left one character.
SHIFT-TAB ESC-TAB Complete filename & reverse cycle.
log_on_success = HOST PID ESC-w Move cursor right one word.
CNTL-L Complete filename, list all.
CNTL-LeftArrow ESC-LeftArrow ESC-b Move cursor left one word.
# What to log when the connection fails. Same options as abovee.
Pattern not found (press RETURN)
log_on_failure = HOST ESC-$ Move cursor to end of line.
BACKSPACE Delete char to left of cursor.
# The maximum number of connections a specific IP address can
# have to a specific service. Delete word to left of cursor.
per_source = 5ELETE ESC-X Delete word under cursor.
}CNTL-U ESC (MS-DOS only) Delete entire line.
UpArrow ESC-k Retrieve previous command line.
service chargen ESC-j Retrieve next command line.
{TAB Complete filename & cycle.
socket_type = stream ESC-TAB Complete filename & reverse cycle.
protocol = udp Complete filename, list all.
wait = no
user = root (press RETURN)
type = INTERNAL
id = chargen-stream
}
service telnet
{
socket_type = stream
protocol = tcp
wait = no
user = root
server = /usr/sbin/in.telnetd
server_args =
}
includedir /usr/local/etc/xinetd.d
Input is not a pipe (press RETURN)
# PID logs the pid of the server processing the request.
# HOST logs the remote host's ip address.
# USERID logs the remote user (using RFC 1413)
# EXIT logs the exit status of the server.
# The defaults section sets some information for all services
defaults
{
#The maximum number of requests a particular service may handle
# at once.
instances = 25
# The type of logging. This logs to a file that is specified.
# Another option is: SYSLOG syslog_facility [syslog_level]
log_type = FILE /var/log/servicelog
# What to log when the connection succeeds.
# PID logs the pid of the server processing the request.
# HOST logs the remote host's ip address.
# USERID logs the remote user (using RFC 1413)
# EXIT logs the exit status of the server.
# This file generated by xconv.pl, included with the xinetd
# package. xconv.pl was written by Rob Braun (bbraun@synack.net)
#
# The file is merely a translation of your inetd.conf file into
wait = no
user = root
type = INTERNAL
id = chargen-stream
}
service telnet
{
socket_type = stream
protocol = tcp
per_source = 5y xconv.pl, included with the xinetd
wait = no
} package. xconv.pl was written by Rob Braun (bbraun@synack.net)
user = root
#
server = /usr/sbin/in.telnetd
service chargenerely a translation of your inetd.conf file into
server_args =
{ the equivalent in xinetd.conf syntax. xinetd has many
}
socket_type = streamaken advantage of with this translation.
protocol = udpetd.conf man page for more information
includedir /usr/local/etc/xinetd.d
wait = nofigure xinetd.
user = root
type = INTERNALme information for all services
id = chargen-stream
}
#The maximum number of requests a particular service may handle
service telnetnce.
{ instances = 25
socket_type = stream
protocol = tcpging. This logs to a file that is specified.
wait = no is: SYSLOG syslog_facility [syslog_level]
user = root /var/log/servicelog
server = /usr/sbin/in.telnetd
server_args = when the connection succeeds.
} # PID logs the pid of the server processing the request.
# HOST logs the remote host's ip address.
includedir /usr/local/etc/xinetd.dser (using RFC 1413)
/etc/xinetd.conf lines 27-58/58 byte 1616/1616 (END) (press RETURN)
# DURATION logs the duration of the session.
log_on_success = HOST PID
# What to log when the connection fails. Same options as above
log_on_failure = HOST
# The maximum number of connections a specific IP address can
No next tag (press RETURN)
# PID logs the pid of the server processing the request.
# HOST logs the remote host's ip address.
# USERID logs the remote user (using RFC 1413)
# EXIT logs the exit status of the server.
# This file generated by xconv.pl, included with the xinetd
# package. xconv.pl was written by Rob Braun (bbraun@synack.net)
#
# The file is merely a translation of your inetd.conf file into
# the equivalent in xinetd.conf syntax. xinetd has many
# features that may not be taken advantage of with this translation.
# Please refer to the xinetd.conf man page for more information
# on how to properly configure xinetd.
# The defaults section sets some information for all services
defaults
{
#The maximum number of requests a particular service may handle
# at once.
instances = 25
# The type of logging. This logs to a file that is specified.
# Another option is: SYSLOG syslog_facility [syslog_level]
log_type = FILE /var/log/servicelog
# What to log when the connection succeeds.
# PID logs the pid of the server processing the request.
# HOST logs the remote host's ip address.
# USERID logs the remote user (using RFC 1413)
# EXIT logs the exit status of the server.
# This file generated by xconv.pl, included with the xinetd
# package. xconv.pl was written by Rob Braun (bbraun@synack.net)
#
# The file is merely a translation of your inetd.conf file into
# the equivalent in xinetd.conf syntax. xinetd has many
# features that may not be taken advantage of with this translation.
# Please refer to the xinetd.conf man page for more information
per_source = 5sets some information for all services
defaults
}
#The maximum number of requests a particular service may handle
# at once.
instances = 25
service chargen
# The type of logging. This logs to a file that is specified.
{ # Another option is: SYSLOG syslog_facility [syslog_level]
log_type = FILE /var/log/servicelog
socket_type = stream
# What to log when the connection succeeds.
protocol = udp
wait = no
user = root
type = INTERNAL
id = chargen-stream
}
# have to a specific service.
per_source = 5
service telnet
}
{
socket_type = stream
service chargen
protocol = tcp
{
wait = no
socket_type = stream
user = root
protocol = udp
server = /usr/sbin/in.telnetd
wait = no
server_args =
user = root
}
type = INTERNAL
id = chargen-stream
includedir /usr/local/etc/xinetd.d
}
/etc/xinetd.conf lines 27-58/58 byte 1616/1616 (END) (press RETURN)
service telnet
{
socket_type = stream
protocol = tcp
wait = no
user = root
server = /usr/sbin/in.telnetd
server_args =
}
includedir /usr/local/etc/xinetd.d
# This file generated by xconv.pl, included with the xinetd
# package. xconv.pl was written by Rob Braun (bbraun@synack.net)
#
# The file is merely a translation of your inetd.conf file into
# the equivalent in xinetd.conf syntax. xinetd has many
# features that may not be taken advantage of with this translation.
# Please refer to the xinetd.conf man page for more information
# on how to properly configure xinetd.
# The defaults section sets some information for all services
defaults
{
#The maximum number of requests a particular service may handle
# at once.
instances = 25
# The type of logging. This logs to a file that is specified.
# Another option is: SYSLOG syslog_facility [syslog_level]
log_type = FILE /var/log/servicelog
# What to log when the connection succeeds.
# PID logs the pid of the server processing the request.
# HOST logs the remote host's ip address.
# USERID logs the remote user (using RFC 1413)
# EXIT logs the exit status of the server.
# The defaults section sets some information for all services
defaults
{
#The maximum number of requests a particular service may handle
# at once.
instances = 25
...skipping...акого Ñайла или каÑалога (press RETURN)
# The type of logging. This logs to a file that is specified.
# DURATION logs the duration of the session.
log_type = FILE /var/log/servicelog
log_on_success = HOST PID
# What to log when the connection succeeds.
# What to log when the connection fails. Same options as above
log_on_failure = HOST
socket_type = stream
# The maximum number of connections a specific IP address can
# have to a specific service.
per_source = 5oot
} type = INTERNAL
id = chargen-stream
service chargen
{
user = root
socket_type = stream
type = INTERNAL
protocol = udp
id = chargen-stream
wait = noream
}
user = root
type = INTERNAL
service telnet
id = chargen-stream
{
server = /usr/sbin/in.telnetd
socket_type = stream
server_args =
protocol = tcp
}
wait = no
user = root
includedir /usr/local/etc/xinetd.d
server = /usr/sbin/in.telnetd
/etc/xinetd.conf lines 27-58/58 byte 1616/1616 (END) (press RETURN)
server_args =
}
includedir /usr/local/etc/xinetd.d
No next tag (press RETURN)
}
service telnet
{
socket_type = stream
protocol = tcp
wait = no
user = root
server = /usr/sbin/in.telnetd
server_args =
}
includedir /usr/local/etc/xinetd.d
/etc/xinetd.conf lines 27-58/58 byte 1616/1616 (END) (press RETURN)
...skipping...
SUMMARY OF LESS COMMANDS
SUMMARY OF LESS COMMANDS
Commands marked with * may be preceded by a number, N.
Notes in parentheses indicate the behavior if N is given.
Notes in parentheses indicate the behavior if N is given.
h H Display this help.
q :q Q :Q ZZ Exit.ay this help.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
MOVING
MOVING
e ^E j ^N CR * Forward one line (or N lines).
y ^Y k ^K ^P * Backward one line (or N lines).
f ^F ^V SPACE * Forward one window (or N lines).
b ^B ESC-v * Backward one window (or N lines).
z * Forward one window (and set window to N).
w * Backward one window (and set window to N).
ESC-SPACE * Forward one window, but don't stop at end-of-file.
d ^D * Forward one half-window (and set half-window to N).
d ^D * Forward one half-window (and set half-window to N).
u ^U * Backward one half-window (and set half-window to N).
ESC-) RightArrow * Left one half screen width (or N positions).
ESC-( LeftArrow * Right one half screen width (or N positions).
F Forward forever; like "tail -f".
r ^R ^L Repaint screen.
R Repaint screen, discarding buffered input.
---------------------------------------------------
Default "window" is the screen height.
Default "half-window" is half of the screen height.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
SEARCHING
...skipping...
SUMMARY OF LESS COMMANDS
Commands marked with * may be preceded by a number, N.
Notes in parentheses indicate the behavior if N is given.
h H Display this help.
q :q Q :Q ZZ Exit.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
MOVING
e ^E j ^N CR * Forward one line (or N lines).
y ^Y k ^K ^P * Backward one line (or N lines).
f ^F ^V SPACE * Forward one window (or N lines).
b ^B ESC-v * Backward one window (or N lines).
z * Forward one window (and set window to N).
w * Backward one window (and set window to N).
ESC-SPACE * Forward one window, but don't stop at end-of-file.
d ^D * Forward one half-window (and set half-window to N).
u ^U * Backward one half-window (and set half-window to N).
ESC-) RightArrow * Left one half screen width (or N positions).
ESC-( LeftArrow * Right one half screen width (or N positions).
F Forward forever; like "tail -f".
r ^R ^L Repaint screen.
R Repaint screen, discarding buffered input.
---------------------------------------------------
Default "window" is the screen height.
Default "half-window" is half of the screen height.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
SEARCHING
Pattern not found (press RETURN)
SUMMARY OF LESS COMMANDS
Commands marked with * may be preceded by a number, N.
Commands marked with * may be preceded by a number, N.
u ^U * Backward one half-window (and set half-window to N).
ESC-) RightArrow * Left one half screen width (or N positions).
ESC-( LeftArrow * Right one half screen width (or N positions).
F Forward forever; like "tail -f".
r ^R ^L Repaint screen.
R Repaint screen, discarding buffered input.
---------------------------------------------------
Default "window" is the screen height.
Default "half-window" is half of the screen height.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
SEARCHING
/pattern * Search forward for (N-th) matching line.
!command Execute the shell command with $SHELL.
?pattern * Search backward for (N-th) matching line.
|Xcommand Pipe file between current pos & mark X to shell command.
v Edit the current file with $VISUAL or $EDITOR.
V Print version number of "less".h occurrence).
Warning: "ervice telnet" exists; Overwrite, Append or Don't log?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ESC-n * Repeat previous search, spanning files.
OPTIONSious search, reverse dir. & spanning files.
ESC-u Undo (toggle) search highlighting.
Most options may be changed either on the command line,
or from within less by using the - or -- command.--
Options may be given in one of two forms: either a single
character preceded by a -, or a name preceeded by --.
^E or * Search multiple files (pass thru END OF FILE).
^F or @ Start search at FIRST file (for /) or last file (for ?).
^K Highlight matches, but don't move (KEEP position).
^R Don't use REGULAR EXPRESSIONS.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
JUMPING
g < ESC-< * Go to first line in file (or line N).
G > ESC-> * Go to last line in file (or line N).
p % * Go to beginning of file (or N percent into file).
t * Go to the (N-th) next tag.
T * Go to the (N-th) previous tag.
{ ( [ * Find close bracket } ) ].
} ) ] * Find open bracket { ( [.
ESC-^F <c1> <c2> * Find close bracket <c2>.
ESC-^B <c1> <c2> * Find open bracket <c1>
---------------------------------------------------
Each "find close bracket" command goes forward to the close bracket
matching the (N-th) open bracket in the top line.
Each "find open bracket" command goes backward to the open bracket
matching the (N-th) close bracket in the bottom line.
m<letter> Mark the current position with <letter>.
'<letter> Go to a previously marked position.
'' Go to the previous position.
^X^X Same as '.
---------------------------------------------------
A mark is any upper-case or lower-case letter.
Certain marks are predefined:
^ means beginning of the file
$ means end of the file
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHANGING FILES
:e [file] Examine a new file.
^X^V Same as :e.
:n * Examine the (N-th) next file from the command line.
:p * Examine the (N-th) previous file from the command line.
:x * Examine the first (or N-th) file from the command line.
:d Delete the current file from the command line list.
= ^G :f Print current file name.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
MISCELLANEOUS COMMANDS
-<flag> Toggle a command line option [see OPTIONS below].
--<name> Toggle a command line option, by name.
_<flag> Display the setting of a command line option.
__<name> Display the setting of an option, by name.
+cmd Execute the less cmd each time a new file is examined.
Log file is already in use (press RETURN)
-? ........ --help
Display help (from command line).
-a ........ --search-skip-screen
Forward search skips current screen.
-b [N] .... --buffers=[N]
Number of buffers.
-B ........ --auto-buffers
Don't automatically allocate buffers for pipes.
-c ........ --clear-screen
Repaint by clearing rather than scrolling.
-d ........ --dumb
Dumb terminal.
-D [xn.n] . --color=xn.n
Set screen colors. (MS-DOS only)
-e -E .... --quit-at-eof --QUIT-AT-EOF
Quit at end of file.
-f ........ --force
Force open non-regular files.
-F ........ --quit-if-one-screen
Quit if entire file fits on first screen.
-g ........ --hilite-search
Highlight only last match for searches.
-G ........ --HILITE-SEARCH
Don't highlight any matches for searches.
-h [N] .... --max-back-scroll=[N]
Backward scroll limit.
-i ........ --ignore-case
Ignore case in searches that do not contain uppercase.
-I ........ --IGNORE-CASE
Ignore case in all searches.
-j [N] .... --jump-target=[N]
Screen position of target lines.
-J ........ --status-column
Display a status column at left edge of screen.
-k [file] . --lesskey-file=[file]
Use a lesskey file.
-L ........ --no-lessopen
Ignore the LESSOPEN environment variable.
-m -M .... --long-prompt --LONG-PROMPT
Set prompt style.
-n -N .... --line-numbers --LINE-NUMBERS
Don't use line numbers.
-o [file] . --log-file=[file]
Copy to log file (standard input only).
-O [file] . --LOG-FILE=[file]
Copy to log file (unconditionally overwrite).
-p [pattern] --pattern=[pattern]
Start at pattern (from command line).
-P [prompt] --prompt=[prompt]
Define new prompt.
-q -Q .... --quiet --QUIET --silent --SILENT
Quiet the terminal bell.
-r -R .... --raw-control-chars --RAW-CONTROL-CHARS
Output "raw" control characters.
-s ........ --squeeze-blank-lines
Squeeze multiple blank lines.
-S ........ --chop-long-lines
Chop long lines.
-t [tag] .. --tag=[tag]
Find a tag.
-T [tagsfile] --tag-file=[tagsfile]
Use an alternate tags file.
-u -U .... --underline-special --UNDERLINE-SPECIAL
Change handling of backspaces.
-V ........ --version
Display the version number of "less".
-w ........ --hilite-unread
Highlight first new line after forward-screen.
-W ........ --HILITE-UNREAD
Highlight first new line after any forward movement.
-x [N[,...]] --tabs=[N[,...]]
Set tab stops.
-X ........ --no-init
Don't use termcap init/deinit strings.
--no-keypad
Don't use termcap keypad init/deinit strings.
-y [N] .... --max-forw-scroll=[N]
Forward scroll limit.
-z [N] .... --window=[N]
Set size of window.
-" [c[c]] . --quotes=[c[c]]
Set shell quote characters.
-~ ........ --tilde
Don't display tildes after end of file.
-# [N] .... --shift=[N]
Horizontal scroll amount (0 = one half screen width)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
LINE EDITING
These keys can be used to edit text being entered
on the "command line" at the bottom of the screen.
RightArrow ESC-l Move cursor right one character.
LeftArrow ESC-h Move cursor left one character.
CNTL-RightArrow ESC-RightArrow ESC-w Move cursor right one word.
CNTL-LeftArrow ESC-LeftArrow ESC-b Move cursor left one word.
HOME ESC-0 Move cursor to start of line.
END ESC-$ Move cursor to end of line.
SUMMARY OF LESS COMMANDS
Commands marked with * may be preceded by a number, N.
Notes in parentheses indicate the behavior if N is given.
h H Display this help.
q :q Q :Q ZZ Exit.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
MOVING
e ^E j ^N CR * Forward one line (or N lines).
y ^Y k ^K ^P * Backward one line (or N lines).
f ^F ^V SPACE * Forward one window (or N lines).
b ^B ESC-v * Backward one window (or N lines).
z * Forward one window (and set window to N).
w * Backward one window (and set window to N).
ESC-SPACE * Forward one window, but don't stop at end-of-file.
d ^D * Forward one half-window (and set half-window to N).
u ^U * Backward one half-window (and set half-window to N).
ESC-) RightArrow * Left one half screen width (or N positions).
ESC-( LeftArrow * Right one half screen width (or N positions).
F Forward forever; like "tail -f".
r ^R ^L Repaint screen.
R Repaint screen, discarding buffered input.
---------------------------------------------------
Default "window" is the screen height.
Default "half-window" is half of the screen height.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
SEARCHING
/pattern * Search forward for (N-th) matching line.
?pattern * Search backward for (N-th) matching line.
n * Repeat previous search (for N-th occurrence).
N * Repeat previous search in reverse direction.
ESC-n * Repeat previous search, spanning files..
ESC-N * Repeat previous search, reverse dir. & spanning files.
ESC-u Undo (toggle) search highlighting.
&pattern * Display only matching lines
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Search patterns may be modified by one or more of:
^N or ! Search for NON-matching lines.
^E or * Search multiple files (pass thru END OF FILE).
^F or @ Start search at FIRST file (for /) or last file (for ?).
^K Highlight matches, but don't move (KEEP position).
^R Don't use REGULAR EXPRESSIONS.N lines).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
z * Forward one window (and set window to N).
JUMPINGe window (and set window to N).
ESC-SPACE * Forward one window, but don't stop at end-of-file.
g < ESC-< * Go to first line in file (or line N).f-window to N).
G > ESC-> * Go to last line in file (or line N).lf-window to N).
p % * Go to beginning of file (or N percent into file).
ESC-( LeftArrow * Right one half screen width (or N positions).
F Forward forever; like "tail -f".
r ^R ^L Repaint screen.
R Repaint screen, discarding buffered input.
---------------------------------------------------
Default "window" is the screen height.
Default "half-window" is half of the screen height.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
SEARCHING
No next tag (press RETURN)
t * Go to the (N-th) next tag.
T * Go to the (N-th) previous tag.
{ ( [ * Find close bracket } ) ].
} ) ] * Find open bracket { ( [.
ESC-^F <c1> <c2> * Find close bracket <c2>.
ESC-^B <c1> <c2> * Find open bracket <c1>
---------------------------------------------------
Each "find close bracket" command goes forward to the close bracket
matching the (N-th) open bracket in the top line.
Each "find open bracket" command goes backward to the open bracket
matching the (N-th) close bracket in the bottom line.
m<letter> Mark the current position with <letter>.
'<letter> Go to a previously marked position.
'' Go to the previous position.
^X^X Same as '.
---------------------------------------------------
A mark is any upper-case or lower-case letter.
Certain marks are predefined:
^ means beginning of the file
$ means end of the file
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHANGING FILES
:e [file] Examine a new file.
^X^V Same as :e.
:n * Examine the (N-th) next file from the command line.
:p * Examine the (N-th) previous file from the command line.
:x * Examine the first (or N-th) file from the command line.
:d Delete the current file from the command line list.
= ^G :f Print current file name.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
MISCELLANEOUS COMMANDS
-<flag> Toggle a command line option [see OPTIONS below].
--<name> Toggle a command line option, by name.
_<flag> Display the setting of a command line option.
__<name> Display the setting of an option, by name.
+cmd Execute the less cmd each time a new file is examined.
!command Execute the shell command with $SHELL.
|Xcommand Pipe file between current pos & mark X to shell command.
v Edit the current file with $VISUAL or $EDITOR.
V Print version number of "less".
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
OPTIONS
Most options may be changed either on the command line,
or from within less by using the - or -- command.
Options may be given in one of two forms: either a single
character preceded by a -, or a name preceeded by --.
-? ........ --help
Display help (from command line).
-a ........ --search-skip-screen
Forward search skips current screen.
-b [N] .... --buffers=[N]
Number of buffers.
-B ........ --auto-buffers
Don't automatically allocate buffers for pipes.
-c ........ --clear-screen
Repaint by clearing rather than scrolling.
-d ........ --dumb
Dumb terminal.
-D [xn.n] . --color=xn.n
Set screen colors. (MS-DOS only)
-e -E .... --quit-at-eof --QUIT-AT-EOF
Quit at end of file.
-f ........ --force
Force open non-regular files.
-F ........ --quit-if-one-screen
Quit if entire file fits on first screen.
-g ........ --hilite-search
Highlight only last match for searches.
-G ........ --HILITE-SEARCH
Don't highlight any matches for searches.
-h [N] .... --max-back-scroll=[N]
Backward scroll limit.
-i ........ --ignore-case
Ignore case in searches that do not contain uppercase.
-I ........ --IGNORE-CASE
Ignore case in all searches.
-j [N] .... --jump-target=[N]
Screen position of target lines.
-J ........ --status-column
Display a status column at left edge of screen.
-k [file] . --lesskey-file=[file]
Use a lesskey file.
-L ........ --no-lessopen
Ignore the LESSOPEN environment variable.
-m -M .... --long-prompt --LONG-PROMPT
Set prompt style.
-n -N .... --line-numbers --LINE-NUMBERS
Don't use line numbers.
-o [file] . --log-file=[file]
Copy to log file (standard input only).
-O [file] . --LOG-FILE=[file]
SUMMARY OF LESS COMMANDS
Commands marked with * may be preceded by a number, N.
Notes in parentheses indicate the behavior if N is given.
h H Display this help.
q :q Q :Q ZZ Exit.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
MOVING
e ^E j ^N CR * Forward one line (or N lines).
y ^Y k ^K ^P * Backward one line (or N lines).
f ^F ^V SPACE * Forward one window (or N lines).
b ^B ESC-v * Backward one window (or N lines).
z * Forward one window (and set window to N).
w * Backward one window (and set window to N).
ESC-SPACE * Forward one window, but don't stop at end-of-file.
d ^D * Forward one half-window (and set half-window to N).
u ^U * Backward one half-window (and set half-window to N).
ESC-) RightArrow * Left one half screen width (or N positions).
ESC-( LeftArrow * Right one half screen width (or N positions).
F Forward forever; like "tail -f".
r ^R ^L Repaint screen.
R Repaint screen, discarding buffered input.
---------------------------------------------------
Default "window" is the screen height.
Default "half-window" is half of the screen height.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
SEARCHING
/pattern * Search forward for (N-th) matching line.
?pattern * Search backward for (N-th) matching line.
n * Repeat previous search (for N-th occurrence).
N * Repeat previous search in reverse direction.
ESC-n * Repeat previous search, spanning files.
ESC-N * Repeat previous search, reverse dir. & spanning files.
ESC-u Undo (toggle) search highlighting.
&pattern * Display only matching lines
---------------------------------------------------
Search patterns may be modified by one or more of:
^N or ! Search for NON-matching lines.
^E or * Search multiple files (pass thru END OF FILE).
^F or @ Start search at FIRST file (for /) or last file (for ?).
^K Highlight matches, but don't move (KEEP position).
^R Don't use REGULAR EXPRESSIONS.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
JUMPING
g < ESC-< * Go to first line in file (or line N).
G > ESC-> * Go to last line in file (or line N).
p % * Go to beginning of file (or N percent into file).
t * Go to the (N-th) next tag.
T * Go to the (N-th) previous tag.
{ ( [ * Find close bracket } ) ].
} ) ] * Find open bracket { ( [.
ESC-^F <c1> <c2> * Find close bracket <c2>.
ESC-^B <c1> <c2> * Find open bracket <c1>
---------------------------------------------------
Each "find close bracket" command goes forward to the close bracket
matching the (N-th) open bracket in the top line.
Each "find open bracket" command goes backward to the open bracket
matching the (N-th) close bracket in the bottom line.
m<letter> Mark the current position with <letter>.
'<letter> Go to a previously marked position.
'' Go to the previous position.
^X^X Same as '.
---------------------------------------------------
A mark is any upper-case or lower-case letter.
Certain marks are predefined:
^ means beginning of the file
$ means end of the file
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHANGING FILES
:e [file] Examine a new file.
^X^V Same as :e.
:n * Examine the (N-th) next file from the command line.
:p * Examine the (N-th) previous file from the command line.
:x * Examine the first (or N-th) file from the command line.
:d Delete the current file from the command line list.
= ^G :f Print current file name.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
MISCELLANEOUS COMMANDS
-<flag> Toggle a command line option [see OPTIONS below].
--<name> Toggle a command line option, by name.
_<flag> Display the setting of a command line option.
__<name> Display the setting of an option, by name.
+cmd Execute the less cmd each time a new file is examined.
!command Execute the shell command with $SHELL.
|Xcommand Pipe file between current pos & mark X to shell command.
v Edit the current file with $VISUAL or $EDITOR.
V Print version number of "less".
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
OPTIONS
Most options may be changed either on the command line,
or from within less by using the - or -- command.
Options may be given in one of two forms: either a single
character preceded by a -, or a name preceeded by --.
-? ........ --help
Display help (from command line).
-a ........ --search-skip-screen
Forward search skips current screen.
-b [N] .... --buffers=[N]
Number of buffers.
-B ........ --auto-buffers
Don't automatically allocate buffers for pipes.
-c ........ --clear-screen
Repaint by clearing rather than scrolling.
-d ........ --dumb
Dumb terminal.
-D [xn.n] . --color=xn.n
Set screen colors. (MS-DOS only)
-e -E .... --quit-at-eof --QUIT-AT-EOF
Quit at end of file.
-f ........ --force
Force open non-regular files.
-F ........ --quit-if-one-screen
Quit if entire file fits on first screen.
-g ........ --hilite-search
Highlight only last match for searches.
-G ........ --HILITE-SEARCH
Don't highlight any matches for searches.
-h [N] .... --max-back-scroll=[N]
Backward scroll limit.
-i ........ --ignore-case
Ignore case in searches that do not contain uppercase.
-I ........ --IGNORE-CASE
Ignore case in all searches.
-j [N] .... --jump-target=[N]
Screen position of target lines.
-J ........ --status-column
Display a status column at left edge of screen.
-k [file] . --lesskey-file=[file]
Use a lesskey file.
-L ........ --no-lessopen
Ignore the LESSOPEN environment variable.
-m -M .... --long-prompt --LONG-PROMPT
Set prompt style.
-n -N .... --line-numbers --LINE-NUMBERS
Don't use line numbers.
-o [file] . --log-file=[file]
Copy to log file (standard input only).
-O [file] . --LOG-FILE=[file]
Copy to log file (unconditionally overwrite).
-p [pattern] --pattern=[pattern]
Start at pattern (from command line).
-P [prompt] --prompt=[prompt]
Define new prompt.
-q -Q .... --quiet --QUIET --silent --SILENT
Quiet the terminal bell.
-r -R .... --raw-control-chars --RAW-CONTROL-CHARS
-P [prompt] --prompt=[prompt]
Define new prompt.
-q -Q .... --quiet --QUIET --silent --SILENT
Quiet the terminal bell.
-r -R .... --raw-control-chars --RAW-CONTROL-CHARS
Output "raw" control characters.
-s ........ --squeeze-blank-lines
Squeeze multiple blank lines.
-S ........ --chop-long-lines
Chop long lines.
-t [tag] .. --tag=[tag]
Find a tag.
-T [tagsfile] --tag-file=[tagsfile]
Use an alternate tags file.
-u -U .... --underline-special --UNDERLINE-SPECIAL
Change handling of backspaces.
-V ........ --version
Display the version number of "less".
-w ........ --hilite-unread
Highlight first new line after forward-screen.
-W ........ --HILITE-UNREAD
Highlight first new line after any forward movement.
-x [N[,...]] --tabs=[N[,...]]
Set tab stops.
-X ........ --no-init
Don't use termcap init/deinit strings.
--no-keypad
Don't use termcap keypad init/deinit strings.
-y [N] .... --max-forw-scroll=[N]
Forward scroll limit.
-z [N] .... --window=[N]
Set size of window.
-" [c[c]] . --quotes=[c[c]]
Set shell quote characters.
-~ ........ --tildeze multiple blank lines.
Don't display tildes after end of file.
-# [N] .... --shift=[N] lines.
Horizontal scroll amount (0 = one half screen width)
Find a tag.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Use an alternate tags file.
-u -U .... --underline-special --UNDERLINE-SPECIAL
Change handling of backspaces.
-V ........ --version
Display the version number of "less".
-w ........ --hilite-unread
Highlight first new line after forward-screen.
-W ........ --HILITE-UNREAD
Highlight first new line after any forward movement.
-x [N[,...]] --tabs=[N[,...]]
Set tab stops.
-X ........ --no-init
Don't use termcap init/deinit strings.
--no-keypad
Don't use termcap keypad init/deinit strings.
-y [N] .... --max-forw-scroll=[N]
Forward scroll limit.
-z [N] .... --window=[N]
Set size of window.
-" [c[c]] . --quotes=[c[c]]
Set shell quote characters.
-~ ........ --tilde
Don't display tildes after end of file.
-# [N] .... --shift=[N]
Horizontal scroll amount (0 = one half screen width)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
LINE EDITING
These keys can be used to edit text being entered
on the "command line" at the bottom of the screen.
RightArrow ESC-l Move cursor right one character.
LeftArrow ESC-h Move cursor left one character.
CNTL-RightArrow ESC-RightArrow ESC-w Move cursor right one word.
CNTL-LeftArrow ESC-LeftArrow ESC-b Move cursor left one word.
HOME ESC-0 Move cursor to start of line.
END ESC-$ Move cursor to end of line.
BACKSPACE Delete char to left of cursor.
DELETE ESC-x Delete char under cursor.
CNTL-BACKSPACE ESC-BACKSPACE Delete word to left of cursor.
CNTL-DELETE ESC-DELETE ESC-X Delete word under cursor.
CNTL-U ESC (MS-DOS only) Delete entire line.
UpArrow ESC-k Retrieve previous command line.
DownArrow ESC-j Retrieve next command line.
TAB Complete filename & cycle.
SHIFT-TAB ESC-TAB Complete filename & reverse cycle.
CNTL-L Complete filename, list all.
Change handling of backspaces.
-V ........ --version
Display the version number of "less".
-w ........ --hilite-unread
Highlight first new line after forward-screen.
-W ........ --HILITE-UNREAD
Highlight first new line after any forward movement.
-x [N[,...]] --tabs=[N[,...]]
Set tab stops.
-X ........ --no-init
Don't use termcap init/deinit strings.
--no-keypad
Don't use termcap keypad init/deinit strings.
-y [N] .... --max-forw-scroll=[N]
Forward scroll limit.
-z [N] .... --window=[N]
Set size of window.
LINE EDITING
These keys can be used to edit text being entered
on the "command line" at the bottom of the screen.
RightArrow ESC-l Move cursor right one character.
LeftArrow ESC-h Move cursor left one character.
CNTL-RightArrow ESC-RightArrow ESC-w Move cursor right one word.
HELP -- END -- Press g to see it again, or q when done...skipping...
CNTL-LeftArrow ESC-LeftArrow ESC-b Move cursor left one word.
# DURATION logs the duration of the session.sor right one word.
HOME ESC-0 Move cursor to start of line.
log_on_success = HOST PID ESC-b Move cursor left one word.
END ESC-$ Move cursor to end of line.
HOME ESC-0 Move cursor to start of line.
BACKSPACE Delete char to left of cursor.
# What to log when the connection fails. Same options as above
DELETE ESC-x Delete char under cursor.
log_on_failure = HOST Delete char to left of cursor.
CNTL-BACKSPACE ESC-BACKSPACE Delete word to left of cursor.
DELETE ESC-x Delete char under cursor.
CNTL-DELETE ESC-DELETE ESC-X Delete word under cursor.
# The maximum number of connections a specific IP address canrsor.
CNTL-U ESC (MS-DOS only) Delete entire line.
# have to a specific service. Delete word under cursor.
per_source = 5MS-DOS only) Delete entire line.
DownArrow ESC-j Retrieve next command line.
}UpArrow ESC-k Retrieve previous command line.
TAB Complete filename & cycle.
DownArrow ESC-j Retrieve next command line.
SHIFT-TAB ESC-TAB Complete filename & reverse cycle.
service chargen Complete filename & cycle.
CNTL-L Complete filename, list all.
{SHIFT-TAB ESC-TAB Complete filename & reverse cycle.
socket_type = stream Complete filename, list all.
protocol = udp
Pattern not found (press RETURN)
wait = no
user = root (press RETURN)
type = INTERNAL
id = chargen-stream
}
service telnet
{
socket_type = stream
protocol = tcp
wait = no
user = root
server = /usr/sbin/in.telnetd
server_args =
}
includedir /usr/local/etc/xinetd.d