/l3/users/27-07-2009/nt-lnet/debian7.net.nt/user :1 :2 :3 :4 :5 :6 :7 :8 :9 :10 :11 :12 :13 :14 :15 :16 :17 :18
[ править ]

Журнал лабораторных работ

Содержание

Журнал

Среда (07/29/09)

/dev/ttyp6
19:12:53
$ssh 192.168.16.27
The authenticity of host '192.168.16.27 (192.168.16.27)' can't be established.
DSA key fingerprint is 13:3f:fb:2a:53:62:8e:f8:0e:c7:3a:c9:10:99:b6:25.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Failed to add the host to the list of known hosts (/home/user/.ssh/known_hosts).
Password:
Last login: Wed Jul 29 15:44:52 2009 from 192.168.16.7
Copyright (c) 1980, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994
        The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
FreeBSD 6.3-RELEASE (SMP) #0: Wed Jan 16 04:45:45 UTC 2008
Welcome to FreeBSD!
...
   http://www.FreeBSD.org/search/.  If the doc distribution has
   been installed, they're also available formatted in /usr/share/doc.
If you still have a question or problem, please take the output of
`uname -a', along with any relevant error messages, and email it
as a question to the questions@FreeBSD.org mailing list.  If you are
unfamiliar with FreeBSD's directory layout, please refer to the hier(7)
manual page.  If you are not familiar with manual pages, type `man man'.
You may also use sysinstall(8) to re-enter the installation and
configuration utility.  Edit /etc/motd to change this login announcement.
Removing stale pidfile
19:20:42
#[root@fbsd7:ipcalc]# exit
exit
19:20:52
#[user@fbsd7:~]$ exit
exit
Connection to 192.168.16.27 closed.
19:21:03
$ssh 192.168.16.24
The authenticity of host '192.168.16.24 (192.168.16.24)' can't be established.
DSA key fingerprint is 13:3f:fb:2a:53:62:8e:f8:0e:c7:3a:c9:10:99:b6:25.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Failed to add the host to the list of known hosts (/home/user/.ssh/known_hosts).
Password:
Last login: Wed Jul 29 15:44:35 2009
Copyright (c) 1980, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994
        The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
FreeBSD 6.3-RELEASE (SMP) #0: Wed Jan 16 04:45:45 UTC 2008
Welcome to FreeBSD!
...
   along with the mailing lists, can be searched by going to
   http://www.FreeBSD.org/search/.  If the doc distribution has
   been installed, they're also available formatted in /usr/share/doc.
If you still have a question or problem, please take the output of
`uname -a', along with any relevant error messages, and email it
as a question to the questions@FreeBSD.org mailing list.  If you are
unfamiliar with FreeBSD's directory layout, please refer to the hier(7)
manual page.  If you are not familiar with manual pages, type `man man'.
You may also use sysinstall(8) to re-enter the installation and
configuration utility.  Edit /etc/motd to change this login announcement.
19:21:34
#[user@fbsd4:~]$ su -
Password:
Removing stale pidfile
19:21:39
#[root@fbsd4:~]#










19:21:40




#[root@fbsd4:~]#















19:21:40




#[root@fbsd4:~]#












19:21:45




#[root@fbsd4:~]# cd /usr/ports/net-mgmt/ipcalc/


[root@fbsd4:~]# ping ya.ru
PING ya.ru (93.158.134.8): 56 data bytes
64 bytes from 93.158.134.8: icmp_seq=0 ttl=50 time=54.341 ms
^C
--- ya.ru ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max/stddev = 54.341/54.341/54.341/0.000 ms











19:22:19




#[root@fbsd4:ipcalc]# exit


[root@fbsd4:ipcalc]# make install
===>  Vulnerability check disabled, database not found
=> ipcalc-0.41.tar.gz doesn't seem to exist in /usr/ports/distfiles/.
=> Attempting to fetch from http://jodies.de/ipcalc-archive/.
ipcalc-0.41.tar.gz                            100% of   21 kB  160 kBps
===>  Extracting for ipcalc-0.41
=> MD5 Checksum OK for ipcalc-0.41.tar.gz.
=> SHA256 Checksum OK for ipcalc-0.41.tar.gz.
===>   ipcalc-0.41 depends on file: /usr/local/bin/perl5.8.8 - found
===>  Patching for ipcalc-0.41
===>   ipcalc-0.41 depends on file: /usr/local/bin/perl5.8.8 - found
===>   ipcalc-0.41 depends on file: /usr/local/bin/perl5.8.8 - found
===>  Configuring for ipcalc-0.41
===>  Installing for ipcalc-0.41
===>   ipcalc-0.41 depends on file: /usr/local/bin/perl5.8.8 - found
===>   Generating temporary packing list
===>  Checking if net-mgmt/ipcalc already installed
install  -o root -g wheel -m 555 /usr/ports/net-mgmt/ipcalc/work/ipcalc-0.41/ipcalc /usr/local/bin/ipcalc
===>   Registering installation for ipcalc-0.41
exit











19:22:48




#[user@fbsd4:~]$ exit


exit
Connection to 192.168.16.24 closed.











19:23:28




#[user@fbsd6:~]$ su -


[user@debian7:~]$ ssh 192.168.16.26
The authenticity of host '192.168.16.26 (192.168.16.26)' can't be established.
DSA key fingerprint is 13:3f:fb:2a:53:62:8e:f8:0e:c7:3a:c9:10:99:b6:25.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Failed to add the host to the list of known hosts (/home/user/.ssh/known_hosts).
Password:
Last login: Wed Jul 29 15:45:59 2009 from fbsd6.net.nt
Copyright (c) 1980, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994
        The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
FreeBSD 6.3-RELEASE (SMP) #0: Wed Jan 16 04:45:45 UTC 2008
...
If you still have a question or problem, please take the output of
`uname -a', along with any relevant error messages, and email it
as a question to the questions@FreeBSD.org mailing list.  If you are
unfamiliar with FreeBSD's directory layout, please refer to the hier(7)
manual page.  If you are not familiar with manual pages, type `man man'.
You may also use sysinstall(8) to re-enter the installation and
configuration utility.  Edit /etc/motd to change this login announcement.
su -
Removing stale pidfile
Password:











19:23:36




#[root@fbsd6:ports]# make search name=ipcalc


[root@fbsd6:~]# cd /usr/ports/
Port:   ipcalc-0.41
Path:   /usr/ports/net-mgmt/ipcalc
Info:   IP Calculator
Maint:  ceri@FreeBSD.org
B-deps: perl-5.8.8_1
R-deps: perl-5.8.8_1
WWW:    http://jodies.de/ipcalc
Port:   sipcalc-1.1.4
Path:   /usr/ports/net-mgmt/sipcalc
...
R-deps:
WWW:    http://www.routemeister.net/projects/sipcalc/
Port:   net/ipcalc
Moved:  net-mgmt/ipcalc
Date:   2004-02-22
Reason: new category
Port:   net/sipcalc
Moved:  net-mgmt/sipcalc
Date:   2004-02-22
Reason: new category











19:24:00




#[root@fbsd6:ipcalc]# make install


[root@fbsd6:ports]# cd /usr/ports/net-mgmt/ipcalc/
===>  Vulnerability check disabled, database not found
=> ipcalc-0.41.tar.gz doesn't seem to exist in /usr/ports/distfiles/.
=> Attempting to fetch from http://jodies.de/ipcalc-archive/.
ipcalc-0.41.tar.gz                            100% of   21 kB 1253 kBps
===>  Extracting for ipcalc-0.41
=> MD5 Checksum OK for ipcalc-0.41.tar.gz.
=> SHA256 Checksum OK for ipcalc-0.41.tar.gz.
===>   ipcalc-0.41 depends on file: /usr/local/bin/perl5.8.8 - found
===>  Patching for ipcalc-0.41
===>   ipcalc-0.41 depends on file: /usr/local/bin/perl5.8.8 - found
===>   ipcalc-0.41 depends on file: /usr/local/bin/perl5.8.8 - found
===>  Configuring for ipcalc-0.41
===>  Installing for ipcalc-0.41
===>   ipcalc-0.41 depends on file: /usr/local/bin/perl5.8.8 - found
===>   Generating temporary packing list
===>  Checking if net-mgmt/ipcalc already installed
install  -o root -g wheel -m 555 /usr/ports/net-mgmt/ipcalc/work/ipcalc-0.41/ipcalc /usr/local/bin/ipcalc
===>   Registering installation for ipcalc-0.41











19:24:12




#[root@fbsd6:ipcalc]# cd












19:24:25




#[root@fbsd6:~]# ipcalc 192.168.63.0/24 /28 | less










19:24:32




#[root@fbsd6:~]#












19:24:33




#[root@fbsd6:~]#















19:24:33




#[root@fbsd6:~]#















19:24:33




#[root@fbsd6:~]# exit


exit











19:24:34




#[user@fbsd6:~]$ exit


exit
Connection to 192.168.16.26 closed.











19:24:49




$ipcalc 192.168.63.0/24 /28 | less










19:25:38




$ipcalc 192.168.54.0/24 /27


Address:   192.168.54.0         11000000.10101000.00110110. 00000000
Address:   192.168.54.0         11000000.10101000.00110110. 00000000
Address:   192.168.54.0         11000000.10101000.00110110. 00000000
Netmask:   255.255.255.0 = 24   11111111.11111111.11111111. 00000000
Wildcard:  0.0.0.255            00000000.00000000.00000000. 11111111
=>
Network:   192.168.54.0/24      11000000.10101000.00110110. 00000000
HostMin:   192.168.54.1         11000000.10101000.00110110. 00000001
HostMax:   192.168.54.254       11000000.10101000.00110110. 11111110
Broadcast: 192.168.54.255       11000000.10101000.00110110. 11111111
...
 2.
Network:   192.168.54.32/27     11000000.10101000.00110110.001 00000
HostMin:   192.168.54.33        11000000.10101000.00110110.001 00001
HostMax:   192.168.54.62        11000000.10101000.00110110.001 11110
Broadcast: 192.168.54.63        11000000.10101000.00110110.001 11111
Hosts/Net: 30                    Class C, Private Internet
 3.
Network:   192.168.54.64/27     11000000.10101000.00110110.010 00000
HostMin:   192.168.54.65        11000000.10101000.00110110.010 00001
HostMax:   192.168.54.94        11000000.10101000.00110110.010 11110









прошло 13 минут




19:39:23




$ssh 192.168.16.254


usage: route [-dnqtv] command [[modifiers] args]
fbsd5.net.nt
usage: route [-dnqtv] command [[modifiers] args]
fbsd6.net.nt
usage: route [-dnqtv] command [[modifiers] args]
fbsd7.net.nt
debian:~# ssh 192.168.16.5
Last login: Fri Jul 24 20:43:30 2009 from debian.net.nt
Linux debiant 2.6.18-5-xen-686 #1 SMP Fri Jun 1 05:05:24 UTC 2007 i686
The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software;
the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the
individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright.
Debian GNU/Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent
permitted by applicable law.









прошло 27 минут




20:07:19




#[root@fbsd5:~]# tcpdump -i re1 -n icmp


[root@debian5:~]# exit
exit
Connection to 192.168.16.5 closed.
debian:~# ssh 192.168.16.25
Last login: Wed Jul 29 20:55:21 2009
Copyright (c) 1980, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994
        The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
FreeBSD 6.3-RELEASE (SMP) #0: Wed Jan 16 04:45:45 UTC 2008
Welcome to FreeBSD!
Before seeking technical support, please use the following resources:
...
21:07:46.820471 IP 192.168.54.158 > 93.158.134.8: ICMP echo request, id 10765, seq 44, length 64
21:07:48.621547 IP 192.168.54.158 > 93.158.134.8: ICMP echo request, id 10765, seq 45, length 64
21:07:50.422602 IP 192.168.54.158 > 93.158.134.8: ICMP echo request, id 10765, seq 46, length 64
21:07:52.223629 IP 192.168.54.158 > 93.158.134.8: ICMP echo request, id 10765, seq 47, length 64
21:07:54.024647 IP 192.168.54.158 > 93.158.134.8: ICMP echo request, id 10765, seq 48, length 64
21:07:55.825714 IP 192.168.54.158 > 93.158.134.8: ICMP echo request, id 10765, seq 49, length 64
^C
15 packets captured
20 packets received by filter
0 packets dropped by kernel











20:08:17




#route -n


[root@fbsd5:~]# exit
exit
Connection to 192.168.16.25 closed.
debian:~# ssh 192.168.16.6
Last login: Fri Jul 24 20:43:44 2009 from debian.net.nt
Linux debiant 2.6.18-5-xen-686 #1 SMP Fri Jun 1 05:05:24 UTC 2007 i686
The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software;
the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the
individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright.
Debian GNU/Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent
permitted by applicable law.
l3-agent is already running: pid=2369; pidfile=/root/.lilalo/l3-agent.pid
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
192.168.54.64   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.224 U     0      0        0 eth1
192.168.54.96   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.224 U     0      0        0 eth2
192.168.16.0    0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 eth0
0.0.0.0         192.168.54.65   0.0.0.0         UG    0      0        0 eth1











20:08:38




#route delete default












20:08:44




#route add default 192.168.16.254





SIOCADDRT: No such device











20:08:54




#route add default gw












20:09:10




#route delete default


[root@debian6:~]# apt-get install tcpdump
Чтение списков пакетов... Готово
Построение дерева зависимостей... Готово
Будут установлены следующие дополнительные пакеты:
  libpcap0.8
НОВЫЕ пакеты, которые будут установлены:
  libpcap0.8 tcpdump
обновлено 0, установлено 2 новых пакетов, для удаления отмечено 0 пакетов, и 55 пакетов не обновлено.
Необходимо скачать 392kБ архивов.
После распаковки объем занятого дискового пространства возрастёт на 877kB.
Хотите продолжить [Д/н]?
Получено:1 http://debian.org.ua etch/main libpcap0.8 0.9.5-1 [89,5kB]
Получено:2 http://debian.org.ua etch/main tcpdump 3.9.5-2etch1 [303kB]
Получено 392kB за 0s (933kB/c)
Выбор ранее не выбранного пакета libpcap0.8.
(Чтение базы данных... на данный момент установлено 22844 файлов и каталогов.)
Распаковывается пакет libpcap0.8 (из файла .../libpcap0.8_0.9.5-1_i386.deb)...
Выбор ранее не выбранного пакета tcpdump.
Распаковывается пакет tcpdump (из файла .../tcpdump_3.9.5-2etch1_i386.deb)...
Настраивается пакет libpcap0.8 (0.9.5-1) ...
Настраивается пакет tcpdump (3.9.5-2etch1) ...











20:09:20




#tcpdump -i eth2 -n icmp


[root@debian6:~]# route add default gw 192.168.54.65
tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode
listening on eth2, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 96 bytes
0 packets captured
0 packets received by filter
0 packets dropped by kernel











20:10:10




#exit


exit
Connection to 192.168.16.6 closed.
debian:~# ssh 192.168.16.25
Last login: Wed Jul 29 21:07:17 2009 from debian.net.nt
Copyright (c) 1980, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994
        The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
FreeBSD 6.3-RELEASE (SMP) #0: Wed Jan 16 04:45:45 UTC 2008
Welcome to FreeBSD!
Before seeking technical support, please use the following resources:
o  Security advisories and updated errata information for all releases are
...
   http://www.FreeBSD.org/search/.  If the doc distribution has
   been installed, they're also available formatted in /usr/share/doc.
If you still have a question or problem, please take the output of
`uname -a', along with any relevant error messages, and email it
as a question to the questions@FreeBSD.org mailing list.  If you are
unfamiliar with FreeBSD's directory layout, please refer to the hier(7)
manual page.  If you are not familiar with manual pages, type `man man'.
You may also use sysinstall(8) to re-enter the installation and
configuration utility.  Edit /etc/motd to change this login announcement.
Removing stale pidfile











20:10:15




#[root@fbsd5:~]# sysctl net.inet.ip.forwarding=1


[root@fbsd5:~]# sysctl -a | grep forward
kern.smp.forward_signal_enabled: 1
kern.smp.forward_roundrobin_enabled: 1
net.inet.ip.forwarding: 0
net.inet.ip.fastforwarding: 0
net.inet6.ip6.forwarding: 0
net.inet.ip.forwarding: 0 -> 1
õ ×ÁÓ ÅÓÔØ ÎÏ×ÁÑ ÐÏÞÔÁ × /var/mail/root











20:11:31




#[root@fbsd5:~]#





[root@fbsd5:~]#











20:11:31




#[root@fbsd5:~]#















20:11:31




#[root@fbsd5:~]# exit


exit
Connection to 192.168.16.25 closed.
debian:~# ssh 192.168.16.6
Last login: Wed Jul 29 21:08:17 2009 from debian.net.nt
Linux debiant 2.6.18-5-xen-686 #1 SMP Fri Jun 1 05:05:24 UTC 2007 i686
The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software;
the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the
individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright.
Debian GNU/Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent
permitted by applicable law.
l3-agent is already running: pid=2369; pidfile=/root/.lilalo/l3-agent.pid











20:11:58




#exit


[root@debian6:~]# tcpdump -i eth2 -n icmp
tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode
listening on eth2, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 96 bytes
21:11:47.461168 IP 192.168.54.158 > 93.158.134.8: ICMP echo request, id 10765, seq 172, length 64
21:11:49.262998 IP 192.168.54.158 > 93.158.134.8: ICMP echo request, id 10765, seq 173, length 64
21:11:51.064797 IP 192.168.54.158 > 93.158.134.8: ICMP echo request, id 10765, seq 174, length 64
21:11:52.866826 IP 192.168.54.158 > 93.158.134.8: ICMP echo request, id 10765, seq 175, length 64
21:11:54.668700 IP 192.168.54.158 > 93.158.134.8: ICMP echo request, id 10765, seq 176, length 64
21:11:56.470606 IP 192.168.54.158 > 93.158.134.8: ICMP echo request, id 10765, seq 177, length 64
21:11:58.272495 IP 192.168.54.158 > 93.158.134.8: ICMP echo request, id 10765, seq 178, length 64
...
Connection to 192.168.16.6 closed.
debian:~# ssh 192.168.16.5
Last login: Wed Jul 29 21:07:08 2009 from debian.net.nt
Linux debiant 2.6.18-5-xen-686 #1 SMP Fri Jun 1 05:05:24 UTC 2007 i686
The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software;
the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the
individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright.
Debian GNU/Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent
permitted by applicable law.
l3-agent is already running: pid=3922; pidfile=/root/.lilalo/l3-agent.pid











20:12:02




#tcpd





tcpd       tcpdchk    tcpdmatch  tcpdump











20:12:02




#tcpd





tcpd       tcpdchk    tcpdmatch  tcpdump











20:12:02




#tcpdump -i eth1 -n icmp


tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode
listening on eth1, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 96 bytes
0 packets captured
0 packets received by filter
0 packets dropped by kernel











20:12:30




#sysctl -a | grep forward


error: "Operation not permitted" reading key "net.ipv6.route.flush"
error: "Operation not permitted" reading key "net.ipv4.route.flush"
net.ipv6.conf.eth1.forwarding = 0
net.ipv6.conf.eth2.forwarding = 0
net.ipv6.conf.default.forwarding = 0
net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding = 0
net.ipv6.conf.eth0.forwarding = 0
net.ipv6.conf.lo.forwarding = 0
net.ipv4.conf.eth1.mc_forwarding = 0
net.ipv4.conf.eth1.forwarding = 0
net.ipv4.conf.eth2.mc_forwarding = 0
net.ipv4.conf.eth2.forwarding = 0
net.ipv4.conf.eth0.mc_forwarding = 0
net.ipv4.conf.eth0.forwarding = 0
net.ipv4.conf.lo.mc_forwarding = 0
net.ipv4.conf.lo.forwarding = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.mc_forwarding = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.forwarding = 0
net.ipv4.conf.all.mc_forwarding = 0
net.ipv4.conf.all.forwarding = 0
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0











20:12:40




#cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward


0











20:13:19




#sysctl net.ipv4.ip_forward=1


net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1











20:13:56




#cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward


1











20:13:58




#tcpdump -i eth1 -n icmp


tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode
listening on eth1, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 96 bytes
21:15:05.671681 IP 192.168.54.158 > 93.158.134.8: ICMP echo request, id 10765, seq 282, length 64
21:15:07.473505 IP 192.168.54.158 > 93.158.134.8: ICMP echo request, id 10765, seq 283, length 64
21:15:09.275532 IP 192.168.54.158 > 93.158.134.8: ICMP echo request, id 10765, seq 284, length 64
21:15:11.077457 IP 192.168.54.158 > 93.158.134.8: ICMP echo request, id 10765, seq 285, length 64
21:15:12.879243 IP 192.168.54.158 > 93.158.134.8: ICMP echo request, id 10765, seq 286, length 64
21:15:14.681260 IP 192.168.54.158 > 93.158.134.8: ICMP echo request, id 10765, seq 287, length 64
6 packets captured
6 packets received by filter
0 packets dropped by kernel











20:15:15




#exit


exit
Connection to 192.168.16.5 closed.
debian:~# ssh 192.168.16.4
Last login: Fri Jul 24 20:43:15 2009 from debian.net.nt
Linux debiant 2.6.18-5-xen-686 #1 SMP Fri Jun 1 05:05:24 UTC 2007 i686
The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software;
the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the
individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright.
Debian GNU/Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent
permitted by applicable law.
l3-agent is already running: pid=2740; pidfile=/root/.lilalo/l3-agent.pid











20:15:21




#tcpd





tcpd       tcpdchk    tcpdmatch  tcpdump











20:15:21




#tcpd





tcpd       tcpdchk    tcpdmatch  tcpdump











20:15:21




#tcpd


tcpd       tcpdchk    tcpdmatch  tcpdump











20:15:34




#[root@fbsd4:~]# tcp


tcpdchk    tcpdmatch  tcpdrop    tcpdump    tcpslice











20:15:38




#exit


[root@debian4:~]# tcpdump -i eth2 -n icmp
tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode
listening on eth2, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 96 bytes
21:15:34.502581 IP 192.168.54.158 > 93.158.134.8: ICMP echo request, id 10765, seq 298, length 64
21:15:36.304509 IP 192.168.54.158 > 93.158.134.8: ICMP echo request, id 10765, seq 299, length 64
21:15:38.106397 IP 192.168.54.158 > 93.158.134.8: ICMP echo request, id 10765, seq 300, length 64
3 packets captured
3 packets received by filter
0 packets dropped by kernel
exit
...
   http://www.FreeBSD.org/search/.  If the doc distribution has
   been installed, they're also available formatted in /usr/share/doc.
If you still have a question or problem, please take the output of
`uname -a', along with any relevant error messages, and email it
as a question to the questions@FreeBSD.org mailing list.  If you are
unfamiliar with FreeBSD's directory layout, please refer to the hier(7)
manual page.  If you are not familiar with manual pages, type `man man'.
You may also use sysinstall(8) to re-enter the installation and
configuration utility.  Edit /etc/motd to change this login announcement.
Removing stale pidfile











20:15:53




#[root@fbsd4:~]# vim /etc/sysctl.conf


# $FreeBSD: src/etc/sysctl.conf,v 1.8 2003/03/13 18:43:50 mux Exp $
#
#  This file is read when going to multi-user and its contents piped thru
#  ``sysctl'' to adjust kernel values.  ``man 5 sysctl.conf'' for details.
#
~
~
~
~
~
...
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
"/etc/sysctl.conf" 10 lines, 390 characters











20:17:49




#[root@fbsd4:~]# tcpdump -i re1 -n icmp


vif5.2    Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr fe:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
          inet6 addr: fe80::fcff:ffff:feff:ffff/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:470 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:649 errors:0 dropped:1 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:32
          RX bytes:35608 (34.7 KiB)  TX bytes:58730 (57.3 KiB)
vif6.0    Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr fe:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
          inet6 addr: fe80::fcff:ffff:feff:ffff/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
...
          RX packets:41 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:6 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode
listening on re1, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 96 bytes
21:17:52.285888 IP 192.168.54.158 > 93.158.134.8: ICMP echo request, id 10765, seq 380, length 64
^C
1 packets captured
4 packets received by filter
0 packets dropped by kernel











20:17:54




#[root@fbsd4:~]#















20:17:54




#[root@fbsd4:~]#















20:17:54




#[root@fbsd4:~]#












20:18:01




#[root@fbsd4:~]# echo "net.inet.ip.forwarding=1" >> /etc/sysctl.conf


[root@fbsd4:~]# sysctl -a | grep forward
kern.smp.forward_signal_enabled: 1
kern.smp.forward_roundrobin_enabled: 1
net.inet.ip.forwarding: 0
net.inet.ip.fastforwarding: 0
net.inet6.ip6.forwarding: 0











20:18:32




#[root@fbsd4:~]#





#
#  This file is read when going to multi-user and its contents piped thru
#  ``sysctl'' to adjust kernel values.  ``man 5 sysctl.conf'' for details.
#
~
~
~
~
~
~
...
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
"/etc/sysctl.conf" 11 lines, 415 characters written











20:18:32




#[root@fbsd4:~]#















20:18:32




#[root@fbsd4:~]#















20:18:32




#[root@fbsd4:~]# syst





systat                 system-tools-backends











20:18:32




#[root@fbsd4:~]# syst





systat                 system-tools-backends











20:18:32




#[root@fbsd4:~]# syst


systat                 system-tools-backends











20:18:41




#[root@fbsd4:~]# sysctl





[root@fbsd4:~]# sysctl -h
usage: sysctl [-bdehNnoqx] name[=value] ...
       sysctl [-bdehNnoqx] -a
usage: sysctl [-bdehNnoqx] name[=value] ...
       sysctl [-bdehNnoqx] -a











20:18:45




#[root@fbsd4:~]# sysctl /etc/sysctl.conf





sysctl: unknown oid '/etc/sysctl.conf'











20:18:55




#[root@fbsd4:~]# man sysctl


     -q      Suppress some warnings generated by sysctl to standard error.
     -X      Equivalent to -x -a (for compatibility).
     -x      As -o, but prints a hex dump of the entire value instead of just
             the first few bytes.
     The information available from sysctl consists of integers, strings,
     devices (dev_t), and opaque types.  The sysctl utility only knows about a
     couple of opaque types, and will resort to hexdumps for the rest.  The
     opaque information is much more useful if retrieved by special purpose
     programs such as ps(1), systat(1), and netstat(1).
     Some of the variables which cannot be modified during normal system oper-
...
     sysctl(3), loader.conf(5), sysctl.conf(5), loader(8)
HISTORY
     A sysctl utility first appeared in 4.4BSD.
     In FreeBSD 2.2, sysctl was significantly remodeled.
BUGS
     The sysctl utility presently exploits an undocumented interface to the
     kernel sysctl facility to traverse the sysctl tree and to retrieve format
     and name information.  This correct interface is being thought about for
     the time being.
FreeBSD 6.2                    November 28, 2007                   FreeBSD 6.2











20:19:14




#[root@fbsd4:~]# sysctl /etc/sysctl.conf





sysctl: unknown oid '/etc/sysctl.conf'











20:19:32




#[root@fbsd4:~]# sysctl -a


dev.isab.0.%driver: isab
dev.isab.0.%location: slot=1 function=0 handle=\_SB_.PCI0.ISA_
dev.isab.0.%pnpinfo: vendor=0x8086 device=0x7000 subvendor=0x0000 subdevice=0x0000 class=0x060100
dev.isab.0.%parent: pci0
dev.isa.0.%desc: ISA bus
dev.isa.0.%driver: isa
dev.isa.0.%parent: isab0
dev.atapci.0.%desc: Intel PIIX3 WDMA2 controller
dev.atapci.0.%driver: atapci
dev.atapci.0.%location: slot=1 function=1
...
dev.ums.0.%driver: ums
dev.ums.0.%location: port=1 interface=0
dev.ums.0.%pnpinfo: vendor=0x0627 product=0x0001 devclass=0x00 devsubclass=0x00 release=0x0000 sernum="1" intclass=0x03 intsubclass=0x01
dev.ums.0.%parent: uhub0
dev.ad.0.%desc: QEMU HARDDISK/0.9.0
dev.ad.0.%driver: ad
dev.ad.0.%parent: ata0
dev.subdisk.0.%driver: subdisk
dev.subdisk.0.%parent: ad0
hptmv.status: RocketRAID 182x SATA Controller driver Version v1.12 (Jan 16 2008 04:43:08)











20:19:36




#[root@fbsd4:~]# sysctl /etc/sysctl.conf





sysctl: unknown oid '/etc/sysctl.conf'











20:19:43




#[root@fbsd4:~]# sh /etc/rc





[root@fbsd4:~]# sh /etc/sys
sysctl.conf  syslog.conf
rc               rc.conf          rc.firewall      rc.initdiskless  rc.sendmail      rc.subr
rc.bsdextended   rc.d/            rc.firewall6     rc.resume        rc.shutdown      rc.suspend











20:19:43




#[root@fbsd4:~]# sh /etc/rc.d/s





savecore     securelevel  serial       sshd         swap1        sysctl
sdpd         sendmail     sppp         statd        syscons      syslogd











20:20:06




#[root@fbsd4:~]# sh /etc/rc.d/sysctl restart


[root@fbsd4:~]# sh /etc/rc.d/sysctl
Usage: /etc/rc.d/sysctl [fast|force|one](start|stop|restart|rcvar|reload|lastload)
net.inet.ip.forwarding: 0 -> 1









прошло 14 минут




20:34:54




#[root@fbsd4:~]# netstat -rn


21:32:05.873940 IP 192.168.54.158 > 93.158.134.8: ICMP echo request, id 10765, seq 854, length 64
21:32:07.675758 IP 192.168.54.158 > 93.158.134.8: ICMP echo request, id 10765, seq 855, length 64
21:32:09.477702 IP 192.168.54.158 > 93.158.134.8: ICMP echo request, id 10765, seq 856, length 64
21:32:11.279423 IP 192.168.54.158 > 93.158.134.8: ICMP echo request, id 10765, seq 857, length 64
21:32:13.081225 IP 192.168.54.158 > 93.158.134.8: ICMP echo request, id 10765, seq 858, length 64
21:32:14.882953 IP 192.168.54.158 > 93.158.134.8: ICMP echo request, id 10765, seq 859, length 64
21:32:16.684830 IP 192.168.54.158 > 93.158.134.8: ICMP echo request, id 10765, seq 860, length 64
21:32:18.486546 IP 192.168.54.158 > 93.158.134.8: ICMP echo request, id 10765, seq 861, length 64
21:32:20.288437 IP 192.168.54.158 > 93.158.134.8: ICMP echo request, id 10765, seq 862, length 64
21:32:22.090248 IP 192.168.54.158 > 93.158.134.8: ICMP echo request, id 10765, seq 863, length 64
...
192.168.54&0xc0a8361e 255.255.255.224    UGS         1        0    re0
192.168.54.30      00:16:3e:00:01:04  UHLW        1      109    re1   1188 =>
192.168.54.30&0xc0a8361e 255.255.255.224    UGS         0        0    re0
Internet6:
Destination                       Gateway                       Flags      Netif Expire
::1                               ::1                           UHL         lo0
fe80::%lo0/64                     fe80::1%lo0                   U           lo0
fe80::1%lo0                       link#5                        UHL         lo0
ff01:5::/32                       fe80::1%lo0                   UC          lo0
ff02::%lo0/32                     fe80::1%lo0                   UC          lo0











20:35:15




#[root@fbsd4:~]# route -f





[root@fbsd4:~]# netstat -rf
netstat: option requires an argument -- f
usage: netstat [-AaLnSW] [-f protocol_family | -p protocol]
               [-M core] [-N system]
       netstat -i | -I interface [-abdhnt] [-f address_family]
               [-M core] [-N system]
       netstat -w wait [-I interface] [-d] [-M core] [-N system]
       netstat -s [-s] [-z] [-f protocol_family | -p protocol] [-M core]
       netstat -i | -I interface -s [-f protocol_family | -p protocol]
               [-M core] [-N system]
       netstat -m [-M core] [-N system]
       netstat -B [ -I interface]
       netstat -r [-AenW] [-f address_family] [-M core] [-N system]
       netstat -rs [-s] [-M core] [-N system]
       netstat -g [-W] [-f address_family] [-M core] [-N system]
       netstat -gs [-s] [-f address_family] [-M core] [-N system]
route: illegal option -- f
usage: route [-dnqtv] command [[modifiers] args]











20:35:25




#[root@fbsd4:~]#















20:35:27




#[root@fbsd4:~]#















20:35:35




#[root@fbsd4:~]# /etc/rc.d/routed





[root@fbsd4:~]# netstat -rn
Routing tables
Internet:
Destination        Gateway            Flags    Refs      Use  Netif Expire
default            192.168.16.254     UGS         1     1683    re0
127.0.0.1          127.0.0.1          UH          0       96    lo0
192.168.16         link#1             UC          0        0    re0
192.168.16.204     00:16:35:7d:81:ee  UHLW        1    10117    re0    457
192.168.16.254     00:04:75:75:46:b1  UHLW        2      971    re0   1158
192.168.54/27      link#2             UC          0        0    re1 =>
192.168.54&0xc0a8361e 255.255.255.224    UGS         1        0    re0
192.168.54.30      00:16:3e:00:01:04  UHLW        1      109    re1   1191 =>
192.168.54.30&0xc0a8361e 255.255.255.224    UGS         0        0    re0
Internet6:
Destination                       Gateway                       Flags      Netif Expire
::1                               ::1                           UHL         lo0
fe80::%lo0/64                     fe80::1%lo0                   U           lo0
fe80::1%lo0                       link#5                        UHL         lo0
ff01:5::/32                       fe80::1%lo0                   UC          lo0
ff02::%lo0/32                     fe80::1%lo0                   UC          lo0
Usage: /etc/rc.d/routed [fast|force|one](start|stop|restart|rcvar|status|poll)











20:35:40




#[root@fbsd4:~]# /etc/rc.d/routed restart












20:35:43




#[root@fbsd4:~]#















20:35:43




#[root@fbsd4:~]#















20:35:43




#[root@fbsd4:~]#












20:35:44




#[root@fbsd4:~]# netstat -rn


Routing tables
Internet:
Destination        Gateway            Flags    Refs      Use  Netif Expire
default            192.168.16.254     UGS         1     1729    re0
127.0.0.1          127.0.0.1          UH          0       96    lo0
192.168.16         link#1             UC          0        0    re0
192.168.16.204     00:16:35:7d:81:ee  UHLW        1    10119    re0    445
192.168.16.254     00:04:75:75:46:b1  UHLW        2     1022    re0   1146
192.168.54/27      link#2             UC          0        0    re1 =>
192.168.54&0xc0a8361e 255.255.255.224    UGS         1        0    re0
192.168.54.30      00:16:3e:00:01:04  UHLW        1      109    re1   1179 =>
192.168.54.30&0xc0a8361e 255.255.255.224    UGS         0        0    re0
Internet6:
Destination                       Gateway                       Flags      Netif Expire
::1                               ::1                           UHL         lo0
fe80::%lo0/64                     fe80::1%lo0                   U           lo0
fe80::1%lo0                       link#5                        UHL         lo0
ff01:5::/32                       fe80::1%lo0                   UC          lo0
ff02::%lo0/32                     fe80::1%lo0                   UC          lo0











20:35:47




#[root@fbsd4:~]# /etc/r





[root@fbsd4:~]# /etc/rc.
rc.d/       rc.resume   rc.suspend
rc.d/       rc.resume   rc.suspend  rmt











20:35:47




#[root@fbsd4:~]# sh /etc/r





[root@fbsd4:~]# sh /etc/rc
rc               rc.conf          rc.firewall      rc.initdiskless  rc.sendmail      rc.subr
rc.bsdextended   rc.d/            rc.firewall6     rc.resume        rc.shutdown      rc.suspend
rc                rc.d/             rc.initdiskless   rc.shutdown       remote            rmt
rc.bsdextended    rc.firewall       rc.resume         rc.subr           resolv.conf       rpc
rc.conf           rc.firewall6      rc.sendmail       rc.suspend        resolv.conf.save











20:35:47




#[root@fbsd4:~]# sh /etc/rc.d/r


ramdisk      random       resolv       route6d      routing      rtadvd
ramdisk-own  rarpd        root         routed       rpcbind      rwho











20:36:35




#[root@fbsd4:~]# netstat -rn


[root@fbsd4:~]# sh /etc/rc.d/routing restart
default              192.168.16.254       done
192.168.54           255.255.255.224      done
192.168.54.30        255.255.255.224      done
add net default: gateway 192.168.16.254
Additional routing options:.
Routing tables
Internet:
Destination        Gateway            Flags    Refs      Use  Netif Expire
default            192.168.16.254     UGS         1       26    re0
...
192.168.16.254     00:04:75:75:46:b1  UHLW        2     1108    re0   1184
192.168.54/27      link#2             UC          0        0    re1
192.168.54.30      00:16:3e:00:01:04  UHLW        1      109    re1   1168
Internet6:
Destination                       Gateway                       Flags      Netif Expire
::1                               ::1                           UHL         lo0
fe80::%lo0/64                     fe80::1%lo0                   U           lo0
fe80::1%lo0                       link#5                        UHL         lo0
ff01:5::/32                       fe80::1%lo0                   UC          lo0
ff02::%lo0/32                     fe80::1%lo0                   UC          lo0











20:36:56




#[root@fbsd4:~]# sh /etc/rc.d/routing restart


[root@fbsd4:~]# route delete default
delete net default
add net default: gateway 192.168.16.254
Additional routing options:.











20:37:02




#[root@fbsd4:~]#












20:37:03




#[root@fbsd4:~]#















20:37:03




#[root@fbsd4:~]#












20:37:52




#[root@fbsd4:~]# route add -net 192.168.54.32 255.255.255.224 192.168.54.30


[root@fbsd4:~]# route add -net 192.168.54.32 netmask 255.255.255.224 192.168.54.30
route: bad address: netmask
add net 192.168.54.32: gateway 255.255.255.224











20:38:24




#[root@fbsd4:~]# sh /etc/rc.d/routing restart


[root@fbsd4:~]# netstat -rn
Routing tables
Internet:
Destination        Gateway            Flags    Refs      Use  Netif Expire
default            192.168.16.254     UGS         1      132    re0
127.0.0.1          127.0.0.1          UH          0       96    lo0
192.168.16         link#1             UC          0        0    re0
192.168.16.204     00:16:35:7d:81:ee  UHLW        1    10163    re0    288
192.168.16.254     00:04:75:75:46:b1  UHLW        2     1345    re0   1175
192.168.54/27      link#2             UC          0        0    re1 =>
...
Destination                       Gateway                       Flags      Netif Expire
::1                               ::1                           UHL         lo0
fe80::%lo0/64                     fe80::1%lo0                   U           lo0
fe80::1%lo0                       link#5                        UHL         lo0
ff01:5::/32                       fe80::1%lo0                   UC          lo0
ff02::%lo0/32                     fe80::1%lo0                   UC          lo0
default              192.168.16.254       done
192.168.54           255.255.255.224      done
add net default: gateway 192.168.16.254
Additional routing options:.











20:38:44




#[root@fbsd4:~]# route add -net 192.168.54.32/27 192.168.54.30


[root@fbsd4:~]# route add -net 192.168.54.32/27 gw 192.168.54.30
route: bad address: gw
add net 192.168.54.32: gateway 192.168.54.30











20:38:52




#[root@fbsd4:~]# route add -net 192.168.54.64/27 192.168.54.30


[root@fbsd4:~]# netstat -rn
Routing tables
Internet:
Destination        Gateway            Flags    Refs      Use  Netif Expire
default            192.168.16.254     UGS         0       50    re0
127.0.0.1          127.0.0.1          UH          0       96    lo0
192.168.16         link#1             UC          0        0    re0
192.168.16.204     00:16:35:7d:81:ee  UHLW        1    10169    re0    260
192.168.16.254     00:04:75:75:46:b1  UHLW        2     1451    re0   1193
192.168.54/27      link#2             UC          0        0    re1
192.168.54.30      00:16:3e:00:01:04  UHLW        2      109    re1   1196
192.168.54.32/27   192.168.54.30      UGS         0        0    re1
Internet6:
Destination                       Gateway                       Flags      Netif Expire
::1                               ::1                           UHL         lo0
fe80::%lo0/64                     fe80::1%lo0                   U           lo0
fe80::1%lo0                       link#5                        UHL         lo0
ff01:5::/32                       fe80::1%lo0                   UC          lo0
ff02::%lo0/32                     fe80::1%lo0                   UC          lo0
add net 192.168.54.64: gateway 192.168.54.30











20:39:04




#[root@fbsd4:~]# route add -net 192.168.54.96/27 192.168.54.30


add net 192.168.54.96: gateway 192.168.54.30











20:39:13




#[root@fbsd4:~]# exit


[root@fbsd4:~]# route add -net 192.168.54.128/27 192.168.54.30
add net 192.168.54.128: gateway 192.168.54.30
exit
Connection to 192.168.16.24 closed.
debian:~# ssh 192.168.16.4
Last login: Wed Jul 29 21:15:21 2009 from debian.net.nt
Linux debiant 2.6.18-5-xen-686 #1 SMP Fri Jun 1 05:05:24 UTC 2007 i686
The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software;
the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the
individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright.
Debian GNU/Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent
permitted by applicable law.
l3-agent is already running: pid=2740; pidfile=/root/.lilalo/l3-agent.pid











20:39:34




#route -n


Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
192.168.96.0    192.168.54.62   255.255.255.224 UG    0      0        0 eth2
192.168.54.0    192.168.54.62   255.255.255.224 UG    0      0        0 eth2
192.168.54.0    0.0.0.0         255.255.255.224 U     0      0        0 eth1
192.168.54.32   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.224 U     0      0        0 eth2
192.168.128.0   192.168.54.62   255.255.255.224 UG    0      0        0 eth2
192.168.64.0    192.168.54.62   255.255.255.224 UG    0      0        0 eth2
192.168.16.0    0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 eth0
0.0.0.0         192.168.54.1    0.0.0.0         UG    0      0        0 eth1











20:39:37




#route -f





route: invalid option -- f
Usage: route [-nNvee] [-FC] [<AF>]           List kernel routing tables
       route [-v] [-FC] {add|del|flush} ...  Modify routing table for AF.
       route {-h|--help} [<AF>]              Detailed usage syntax for specified AF.
       route {-V|--version}                  Display version/author and exit.
        -v, --verbose            be verbose
        -n, --numeric            don't resolve names
        -e, --extend             display other/more information
        -F, --fib                display Forwarding Information Base (default)
        -C, --cache              display routing cache instead of FIB
  <AF>=Use '-A <af>' or '--<af>'; default: inet
  List of possible address families (which support routing):
    inet (DARPA Internet) inet6 (IPv6) ax25 (AMPR AX.25)
    netrom (AMPR NET/ROM) ipx (Novell IPX) ddp (Appletalk DDP)
    x25 (CCITT X.25)











20:40:46




#route flush





Flushing `inet' routing table not supported
Usage: inet_route [-vF] del {-host|-net} Target[/prefix] [gw Gw] [metric M] [[dev] If]
       inet_route [-vF] add {-host|-net} Target[/prefix] [gw Gw] [metric M]
                              [netmask N] [mss Mss] [window W] [irtt I]
                              [mod] [dyn] [reinstate] [[dev] If]
       inet_route [-vF] add {-host|-net} Target[/prefix] [metric M] reject
       inet_route [-FC] flush      NOT supported











20:40:54




#route -F


Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
192.168.96.0    192.168.54.62   255.255.255.224 UG    0      0        0 eth2
192.168.54.0    192.168.54.62   255.255.255.224 UG    0      0        0 eth2
192.168.54.0    *               255.255.255.224 U     0      0        0 eth1
192.168.54.32   *               255.255.255.224 U     0      0        0 eth2
192.168.128.0   192.168.54.62   255.255.255.224 UG    0      0        0 eth2
192.168.64.0    192.168.54.62   255.255.255.224 UG    0      0        0 eth2
192.168.16.0    *               255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 eth0
default         192.168.54.1    0.0.0.0         UG    0      0        0 eth1











20:41:01




#route flush





Flushing `inet' routing table not supported
Usage: inet_route [-vF] del {-host|-net} Target[/prefix] [gw Gw] [metric M] [[dev] If]
       inet_route [-vF] add {-host|-net} Target[/prefix] [gw Gw] [metric M]
                              [netmask N] [mss Mss] [window W] [irtt I]
                              [mod] [dyn] [reinstate] [[dev] If]
       inet_route [-vF] add {-host|-net} Target[/prefix] [metric M] reject
       inet_route [-FC] flush      NOT supported









Файлы
  • /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
    • /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
    

    >
    1

    Статистика
    Время первой команды журнала19:12:53 2009- 7-29
    Время последней команды журнала20:41:01 2009- 7-29
    Количество командных строк в журнале101
    Процент команд с ненулевым кодом завершения, %13.86
    Процент синтаксически неверно набранных команд, % 0.00
    Суммарное время работы с терминалом *, час 1.47
    Количество командных строк в единицу времени, команда/мин 1.15
    Частота использования команд
    [root@fbsd4:~]#50|===============================================| 47.17%
    route10|=========|  9.43%
    [root@fbsd6:~]#5|====|  4.72%
    [root@fbsd5:~]#5|====|  4.72%
    tcpd5|====|  4.72%
    exit4|===|  3.77%
    tcpdump3|==|  2.83%
    ssh3|==|  2.83%
    sysctl2|=|  1.89%
    ipcalc2|=|  1.89%
    [user@fbsd6:~]$2|=|  1.89%
    less2|=|  1.89%
    cat2|=|  1.89%
    [user@fbsd4:~]$2|=|  1.89%
    [root@fbsd6:ipcalc]#2|=|  1.89%
    [user@fbsd7:~]$1||  0.94%
    [root@fbsd4:ipcalc]#1||  0.94%
    /etc/sysctl.conf1||  0.94%
    >1||  0.94%
    [root@fbsd7:ipcalc]#1||  0.94%
    [root@fbsd6:ports]#1||  0.94%
    grep1||  0.94%
    ____
    *) Интервалы неактивности длительностью 30 минут и более не учитываются
    Справка
        Для того чтобы использовать LiLaLo, не нужно знать ничего особенного:
    всё происходит само собой.
    Однако, чтобы ведение и последующее использование журналов
    было как можно более эффективным, желательно иметь в виду следующее:
    
      
    
    1.  
    В журнал автоматически попадают все команды, данные в любом терминале системы.
    
      2. 
    
    2. 
    Для того чтобы убедиться, что журнал на текущем терминале ведётся, 
    и команды записываются, дайте команду w.
    В поле WHAT, соответствующем текущему терминалу, 
    должна быть указана программа script.
    
      3. 
    
    3. 
    Команды, при наборе которых были допущены синтаксические ошибки, 
    выводятся перечёркнутым текстом:

      

      


      $ l s-l
      

      bash: l: command not found

      
      		

      

      

      
    
      4. 
    
    4. 
    Если код завершения команды равен нулю, 
    команда была выполнена без ошибок.
    Команды, код завершения которых отличен от нуля, выделяются цветом.

      

      


      $ test 5 -lt 4
      

      		

      

      
    Обратите внимание на то, что код завершения команды может быть отличен от нуля
    не только в тех случаях, когда команда была выполнена с ошибкой.
    Многие команды используют код завершения, например, для того чтобы показать результаты проверки

      
    
      5. 
    
    5. 
    Команды, ход выполнения которых был прерван пользователем, выделяются цветом.

      

      


      $ find / -name abc
      

      find: /home/devi-orig/.gnome2: Keine Berechtigung
find: /home/devi-orig/.gnome2_private: Keine Berechtigung
find: /home/devi-orig/.nautilus/metafiles: Keine Berechtigung
find: /home/devi-orig/.metacity: Keine Berechtigung
find: /home/devi-orig/.inkscape: Keine Berechtigung
^C

      
      		

      

      

      
    
      6. 
    
    6. 
    Команды, выполненные с привилегиями суперпользователя,
    выделяются слева красной чертой.

      

      


      # id
      

      uid=0(root) gid=0(root) Gruppen=0(root)

      
      		

      

      
    
      
    
      7. 
    
    7. 
    Изменения, внесённые в текстовый файл с помощью редактора, 
    запоминаются и показываются в журнале в формате ed.
    Строки, начинающиеся символом "<", удалены, а строки,
    начинающиеся символом ">" -- добавлены.

      

      


      $ vi ~/.bashrc
      

      2a3,5
>    if [ -f /usr/local/etc/bash_completion ]; then
>         . /usr/local/etc/bash_completion
>        fi

      		

      

      
    
      
    
      8. 
    
    8. 
    Для того чтобы изменить файл в соответствии с показанными в диффшоте
    изменениями, можно воспользоваться командой patch.
    Нужно скопировать изменения, запустить программу patch, указав в
    качестве её аргумента файл, к которому применяются изменения,
    и всавить скопированный текст:

      

      


      $ patch ~/.bashrc
      
      		

      

      
    В данном случае изменения применяются к файлу ~/.bashrc
    
      9. 
    
    9. 
    Для того чтобы получить краткую справочную информацию о команде, 
    нужно подвести к ней мышь. Во всплывающей подсказке появится краткое
    описание команды.
    
      
    
      
    Если справочная информация о команде есть, 
    команда выделяется голубым фоном, например: vi.
    Если справочная информация отсутствует,
    команда выделяется розовым фоном, например: notepad.exe.
    Справочная информация может отсутствовать в том случае, 
    если (1) команда введена неверно; (2) если распознавание команды LiLaLo выполнено неверно;
    (3) если информация о команде неизвестна LiLaLo.
    Последнее возможно для редких команд.
    
      10. 
    
    10. 
    Большие, в особенности многострочные, всплывающие подсказки лучше 
    всего показываются браузерами KDE Konqueror, Apple Safari и Microsoft Internet Explorer.
    В браузерах Mozilla и Firefox они отображаются не полностью, 
    а вместо перевода строки выводится специальный символ.
    
      11. 
    
    11. 
    Время ввода команды, показанное в журнале, соответствует времени 
    начала ввода командной строки, которое равно тому моменту, 
    когда на терминале появилось приглашение интерпретатора
    
      12. 
    
    12. 
    Имя терминала, на котором была введена команда, показано в специальном блоке.
    Этот блок показывается только в том случае, если терминал
    текущей команды отличается от терминала предыдущей.
    
      13. 
    
    13. 
    Вывод не интересующих вас в настоящий момент элементов журнала,
    таких как время, имя терминала и других, можно отключить.
    Для этого нужно воспользоваться формой управления журналом
    вверху страницы.
    
      14. 
    
    14. 
    Небольшие комментарии к командам можно вставлять прямо из командной строки.
    Комментарий вводится прямо в командную строку, после символов #^ или #v.
    Символы ^ и v показывают направление выбора команды, к которой относится комментарий:
    ^ - к предыдущей, v - к следующей.
    Например, если в командной строке было введено:

      $ whoami

      

      user

      

      $ #^ Интересно, кто я?

      
    в журнале это будет выглядеть так:
    

      $ whoami

      

      user

      

      

        Интересно, кто я?
       
       
    
      15. 
    
    15. 
    Если комментарий содержит несколько строк,
    его можно вставить в журнал следующим образом:

      $ whoami

      

      user

      

      $ cat > /dev/null #^ Интересно, кто я?

      

      Программа whoami выводит имя пользователя, под которым 
мы зарегистрировались в системе.
-
Она не может ответить на вопрос о нашем назначении 
в этом мире.

      
    В журнале это будет выглядеть так:

      

      


      $ whoami
      

      user

      

      Интересно, кто я?
      
Программа whoami выводит имя пользователя, под которым
      
мы зарегистрировались в системе.
      

      
Она не может ответить на вопрос о нашем назначении
      
в этом мире.
      

      
      		

      

      
    Для разделения нескольких абзацев между собой
    используйте символ "-", один в строке.
    
      

      16. 
    
    16. 
    Комментарии, не относящиеся непосредственно ни к какой из команд, 
    добавляются точно таким же способом, только вместо симолов #^ или #v 
    нужно использовать символы #=
    
      17. 

    
    17. 
    Содержимое файла может быть показано в журнале.
    Для этого его нужно вывести с помощью программы cat.
    Если вывод команды отметить симоволами #!, 
    содержимое файла будет показано в журнале
    в специально отведённой для этого секции.
    
      18. 

    
      
    
    18. 
    Для того чтобы вставить скриншот интересующего вас окна в журнал,
    нужно воспользоваться командой l3shot.
    После того как команда вызвана, нужно с помощью мыши выбрать окно, которое
    должно быть в журнале.
    
      19. 
    
      

    
      
    
    19. 
    Команды в журнале расположены в хронологическом порядке.
    Если две команды давались одна за другой, но на разных терминалах,
    в журнале они будут рядом, даже если они не имеют друг к другу никакого отношения.

      1
    2
3   
    4

      
    Группы команд, выполненных на разных терминалах, разделяются специальной линией.
    Под этой линией в правом углу показано имя терминала, на котором выполнялись команды.
    Для того чтобы посмотреть команды только одного сенса, 
    нужно щёкнуть по этому названию.
    
      20. 
    
      

    

    О программе
        
    
    LiLaLo (L3) расшифровывается как Live Lab Log.
    
    Программа разработана для повышения эффективности обучения Unix/Linux-системам.
    
    (c) Игорь Чубин, 2004-2008
    
    
    
$Id$