/l3/users/27-07-2009/nt-lnet/debian7.net.nt/user :1 :2 :3 :4 :5 :6 :7 :8 :9 :10 :11 :12 :13 :14 :15 :16 :17 :18 |
|
#route flush
![]() Flushing `inet' routing table not supported Usage: inet_route [-vF] del {-host|-net} Target[/prefix] [gw Gw] [metric M] [[dev] If] inet_route [-vF] add {-host|-net} Target[/prefix] [gw Gw] [metric M] [netmask N] [mss Mss] [window W] [irtt I] [mod] [dyn] [reinstate] [[dev] If] inet_route [-vF] add {-host|-net} Target[/prefix] [metric M] reject inet_route [-FC] flush NOT supported |
#route -n
Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 192.168.96.0 192.168.54.62 255.255.255.224 UG 0 0 0 eth2 192.168.54.0 192.168.54.62 255.255.255.224 UG 0 0 0 eth2 192.168.54.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.224 U 0 0 0 eth1 192.168.54.32 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.224 U 0 0 0 eth2 192.168.128.0 192.168.54.62 255.255.255.224 UG 0 0 0 eth2 192.168.64.0 192.168.54.62 255.255.255.224 UG 0 0 0 eth2 192.168.16.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 0.0.0.0 192.168.54.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth1 |
#route delete -net 192.168.54.0/27 gw 192.168.54.62
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#route delete -net 192.168.96
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#route delete -net 192.168.128
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#route delete -net 192.168.64
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#route -n
Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 192.168.54.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.224 U 0 0 0 eth1 192.168.54.32 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.224 U 0 0 0 eth2 192.168.16.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 0.0.0.0 192.168.54.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth1 |
#route delete -net 192.168.54.64/27 gw 192.168.54.62
![]() SIOCDELRT: No such process |
#route add
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#route add -net 192.168.54.96
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#route add -net 192.168.54.128
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#route -n
Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 192.168.54.128 192.168.54.62 255.255.255.224 UG 0 0 0 eth2 192.168.54.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.224 U 0 0 0 eth1 192.168.54.32 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.224 U 0 0 0 eth2 192.168.54.64 192.168.54.62 255.255.255.224 UG 0 0 0 eth2 192.168.54.96 192.168.54.62 255.255.255.224 UG 0 0 0 eth2 192.168.16.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 0.0.0.0 192.168.54.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth1 |
#exit
exit Connection to 192.168.16.4 closed. debian:~# ssh 192.168.16.5 Last login: Wed Jul 29 21:12:02 2009 from debian.net.nt Linux debiant 2.6.18-5-xen-686 #1 SMP Fri Jun 1 05:05:24 UTC 2007 i686 The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software; the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright. Debian GNU/Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by applicable law. l3-agent is already running: pid=3922; pidfile=/root/.lilalo/l3-agent.pid |
#route -n
Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 192.168.54.128 192.168.54.94 255.255.255.224 UG 0 0 0 eth1 192.168.54.32 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.224 U 0 0 0 eth2 192.168.54.64 192.168.54.94 255.255.255.224 UG 0 0 0 eth1 192.168.54.64 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.224 U 0 0 0 eth1 192.168.54.96 192.168.54.94 255.255.255.224 UG 0 0 0 eth1 192.168.16.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 0.0.0.0 192.168.54.33 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth2 |
#route delete -net 192.168.54.64/27 gw
|
#route -n
Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 192.168.54.128 192.168.54.94 255.255.255.224 UG 0 0 0 eth1 192.168.54.32 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.224 U 0 0 0 eth2 192.168.54.64 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.224 U 0 0 0 eth1 192.168.54.96 192.168.54.94 255.255.255.224 UG 0 0 0 eth1 192.168.16.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 0.0.0.0 192.168.54.33 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth2 |
#route -n
[root@debian5:~]# exit exit Connection to 192.168.16.5 closed. debian:~# ssh 192.168.16.4 Last login: Wed Jul 29 21:39:34 2009 from debian.net.nt Linux debiant 2.6.18-5-xen-686 #1 SMP Fri Jun 1 05:05:24 UTC 2007 i686 The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software; the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright. Debian GNU/Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by applicable law. l3-agent is already running: pid=2740; pidfile=/root/.lilalo/l3-agent.pid Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 192.168.54.128 192.168.54.62 255.255.255.224 UG 0 0 0 eth2 192.168.54.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.224 U 0 0 0 eth1 192.168.54.32 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.224 U 0 0 0 eth2 192.168.54.64 192.168.54.62 255.255.255.224 UG 0 0 0 eth2 192.168.54.96 192.168.54.62 255.255.255.224 UG 0 0 0 eth2 192.168.16.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 0.0.0.0 192.168.54.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth1 |
#exit
exit Connection to 192.168.16.4 closed. debian:~# ssh 192.168.16.6 Last login: Wed Jul 29 21:11:45 2009 from debian.net.nt Linux debiant 2.6.18-5-xen-686 #1 SMP Fri Jun 1 05:05:24 UTC 2007 i686 The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software; the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright. Debian GNU/Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by applicable law. l3-agent is already running: pid=2369; pidfile=/root/.lilalo/l3-agent.pid |
#route -n
Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 192.168.54.128 192.168.54.126 255.255.255.224 UG 0 0 0 eth2 192.168.54.64 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.224 U 0 0 0 eth1 192.168.54.96 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.224 U 0 0 0 eth2 192.168.16.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 0.0.0.0 192.168.54.65 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth1 |
#exit
TX packets:93738 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:244128960 (232.8 MiB) TX bytes:33167934 (31.6 MiB) lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:7381 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:7381 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 ... 19:09:16.330585 IP 77.88.21.8 > 192.168.54.158: ICMP echo reply, id 50701, seq 22, length 64 19:09:18.040432 IP 192.168.54.158 > 77.88.21.8: ICMP echo request, id 50701, seq 23, length 64 19:09:18.040449 IP 10.0.35.1 > 77.88.21.8: ICMP echo request, id 50701, seq 23, length 64 19:09:18.093616 IP 77.88.21.8 > 10.0.35.1: ICMP echo reply, id 50701, seq 23, length 64 19:09:18.093622 IP 77.88.21.8 > 192.168.54.158: ICMP echo reply, id 50701, seq 23, length 64 19:09:19.795611 IP 192.168.54.158 > 77.88.21.8: ICMP echo request, id 50701, seq 24, length 64 19:09:19.795637 IP 10.0.35.1 > 77.88.21.8: ICMP echo request, id 50701, seq 24, length 64 19:09:19.845786 IP 77.88.21.8 > 10.0.35.1: ICMP echo reply, id 50701, seq 24, length 64 19:09:19.845794 IP 77.88.21.8 > 192.168.54.158: ICMP echo reply, id 50701, seq 24, length 64 19:09:21.556138 IP 192.168.54.158 > 77.88.21.8: ICMP echo request, id 50701, seq 25, length 64 |
#[root@fbsd5:~]# ifconfig re1
[root@fbsd5:~]# ifconfig re0 re0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 options=1b<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,VLAN_MTU,VLAN_HWTAGGING> inet 192.168.16.25 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.16.255 ether 00:16:4e:00:00:05 media: Ethernet autoselect (100baseTX <full-duplex>) status: active re1: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 options=1b<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,VLAN_MTU,VLAN_HWTAGGING> inet 192.168.54.129 netmask 0xffffffe0 broadcast 192.168.54.159 ether 00:16:4e:00:01:05 media: Ethernet autoselect (100baseTX <full-duplex>) status: active |
#[root@fbsd5:~]# ifconfig re2
re2: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 options=1b<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,VLAN_MTU,VLAN_HWTAGGING> inet 192.168.54.126 netmask 0xffffffe0 broadcast 192.168.54.127 ether 00:16:4e:00:02:05 media: Ethernet autoselect (100baseTX <full-duplex>) status: active |
#[root@fbsd5:~]# netstat -rn
[root@fbsd5:~]# route -n usage: route [-dnqtv] command [[modifiers] args] Routing tables Internet: Destination Gateway Flags Refs Use Netif Expire default 192.168.54.97 UGS 0 185 re2 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 UH 0 72 lo0 192.168.16 link#1 UC 0 0 re0 192.168.16.7 00:16:3e:00:00:07 UHLW 1 86 re0 1052 192.168.16.203 00:14:c2:05:a3:38 UHLW 1 7447 re0 1198 ... 192.168.54.97 00:16:3e:00:02:06 UHLW 2 0 re2 849 192.168.54.128/27 link#2 UC 0 0 re1 192.168.54.158 00:16:4e:00:01:06 UHLW 1 2 re1 809 Internet6: Destination Gateway Flags Netif Expire ::1 ::1 UHL lo0 fe80::%lo0/64 fe80::1%lo0 U lo0 fe80::1%lo0 link#5 UHL lo0 ff01:5::/32 fe80::1%lo0 UC lo0 ff02::%lo0/32 fe80::1%lo0 UC lo0 |
#[root@fbsd4:~]# ifconfig
[user@debian7:~]$ ssh 192.168.16.24 -l root The authenticity of host '192.168.16.24 (192.168.16.24)' can't be established. DSA key fingerprint is 13:3f:fb:2a:53:62:8e:f8:0e:c7:3a:c9:10:99:b6:25. Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes Failed to add the host to the list of known hosts (/home/user/.ssh/known_hosts). Password: Last login: Fri Jul 31 19:13:52 2009 from 192.168.16.7 Copyright (c) 1980, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. FreeBSD 6.3-RELEASE (SMP) #0: Wed Jan 16 04:45:45 UTC 2008 ... re2: flags=8802<BROADCAST,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 options=1b<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,VLAN_MTU,VLAN_HWTAGGING> ether 00:16:4e:00:02:04 media: Ethernet autoselect (100baseTX <full-duplex>) status: active plip0: flags=108810<POINTOPOINT,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST,NEEDSGIANT> mtu 1500 lo0: flags=8049<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 16384 inet6 fe80::1%lo0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x5 inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000 |
#[root@fbsd4:~]# route add -net 192.168.54.32 255.255.255.224 192.168.54.30
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#[root@fbsd4:~]# route add -net 192.168.54.32
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#[root@fbsd4:~]# ifconfig re1 192.168.54.1 netmask 255.255.255.224
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#[root@fbsd4:~]# ifconfig
[root@fbsd4:~]# netstat -rn Routing tables Internet: Destination Gateway Flags Refs Use Netif Expire default 192.168.16.254 UGS 4 40 re0 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 UH 0 5 lo0 192.168.16 link#1 UC 0 0 re0 192.168.16.7 00:16:3e:00:00:07 UHLW 1 173 re0 1046 192.168.16.204 00:16:35:7d:81:ee UHLW 1 1284 re0 1055 192.168.16.254 00:04:75:75:46:b1 UHLW 2 23 re0 1183 ... re2: flags=8802<BROADCAST,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 options=1b<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,VLAN_MTU,VLAN_HWTAGGING> ether 00:16:4e:00:02:04 media: Ethernet autoselect (100baseTX <full-duplex>) status: active plip0: flags=108810<POINTOPOINT,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST,NEEDSGIANT> mtu 1500 lo0: flags=8049<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 16384 inet6 fe80::1%lo0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x5 inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000 |
#[root@fbsd4:~]# ping 192.168.54.128
![]() [root@fbsd4:~]# ping 192.168.128.1 PING 192.168.128.1 (192.168.128.1): 56 data bytes ^C --- 192.168.128.1 ping statistics --- 1 packets transmitted, 0 packets received, 100% packet loss PING 192.168.54.128 (192.168.54.128): 56 data bytes ^C --- 192.168.54.128 ping statistics --- 9 packets transmitted, 0 packets received, 100% packet loss |
#[root@fbsd4:~]# netstat -rn
[root@fbsd4:~]# ping 192.168.54.158 PING 192.168.54.158 (192.168.54.158): 56 data bytes ^X^C --- 192.168.54.158 ping statistics --- 3 packets transmitted, 0 packets received, 100% packet loss Routing tables Internet: Destination Gateway Flags Refs Use Netif Expire default 192.168.16.254 UGS 4 137 re0 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 UH 0 5 lo0 ... 192.168.54.64/27 192.168.54.30 UGS 0 0 re0 192.168.54.96/27 192.168.54.30 UGS 0 0 re0 192.168.54.128/27 192.168.54.30 UGS 0 104 re0 Internet6: Destination Gateway Flags Netif Expire ::1 ::1 UHL lo0 fe80::%lo0/64 fe80::1%lo0 U lo0 fe80::1%lo0 link#5 UHL lo0 ff01:5::/32 fe80::1%lo0 UC lo0 ff02::%lo0/32 fe80::1%lo0 UC lo0 |
#[root@fbsd4:~]# ping 192.168.54.33
![]() [root@fbsd4:~]# ping 192.168.54.30 PING 192.168.54.30 (192.168.54.30): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 192.168.54.30: icmp_seq=0 ttl=64 time=0.183 ms ^C --- 192.168.54.30 ping statistics --- 1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max/stddev = 0.183/0.183/0.183/0.000 ms PING 192.168.54.33 (192.168.54.33): 56 data bytes ^C --- 192.168.54.33 ping statistics --- 12 packets transmitted, 0 packets received, 100% packet loss |
#[root@fbsd4:~]# ping 192.168.54.33
![]() [root@fbsd4:~]# netstat -rn Routing tables Internet: Destination Gateway Flags Refs Use Netif Expire default 192.168.16.254 UGS 4 171 re0 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 UH 0 5 lo0 192.168.16 link#1 UC 0 0 re0 192.168.16.7 00:16:3e:00:00:07 UHLW 1 309 re0 890 192.168.16.204 00:16:35:7d:81:ee UHLW 1 1497 re0 899 192.168.16.254 00:04:75:75:46:b1 UHLW 2 31 re0 1189 ... Destination Gateway Flags Netif Expire ::1 ::1 UHL lo0 fe80::%lo0/64 fe80::1%lo0 U lo0 fe80::1%lo0 link#5 UHL lo0 ff01:5::/32 fe80::1%lo0 UC lo0 ff02::%lo0/32 fe80::1%lo0 UC lo0 PING 192.168.54.33 (192.168.54.33): 56 data bytes ^C --- 192.168.54.33 ping statistics --- 10 packets transmitted, 0 packets received, 100% packet loss |
#[root@fbsd4:~]# /etc/routing restart
![]() bash: /etc/routing: No such file or directory |
#[root@fbsd4:~]# ping 192.168.54.33
[root@fbsd4:~]# /etc/rc.d/routing restart default 192.168.16.254 done 192.168.54.32 192.168.54.30 done 192.168.54.64 192.168.54.30 done 192.168.54.96 192.168.54.30 done 192.168.54.128 192.168.54.30 done add net default: gateway 192.168.16.254 add net 192.168.54.32: gateway 192.168.54.30 add net 192.168.54.64: gateway 192.168.54.30 add net 192.168.54.96: gateway 192.168.54.30 add net 192.168.54.128: gateway 192.168.54.30 Additional routing options:. PING 192.168.54.33 (192.168.54.33): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 192.168.54.33: icmp_seq=0 ttl=64 time=0.275 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.54.33: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.151 ms ^C --- 192.168.54.33 ping statistics --- 2 packets transmitted, 2 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max/stddev = 0.151/0.213/0.275/0.062 ms |
#[root@fbsd4:~]#
![]() |
$screen
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$screen -x
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$top
![]() top - 18:33:43 up 17 min, 6 users, load average: 3.55, 2.50, 1.47 Tasks: 57 total, 5 running, 52 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie Cpu(s): 79.7%us, 20.0%sy, 0.0%ni, 0.0%id, 0.0%wa, 0.3%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st Mem: 594068k total, 590084k used, 3984k free, 6696k buffers PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND Swap: 0k total, 0k used, 0k free, 520428k cached 1260 user 18 0 12496 7684 1404 R 71.3 1.3 4:34.40 l3-agent 1355 user 25 0 5700 1136 728 R 16.7 0.2 6:32.97 screen 1405 user 15 0 4636 428 336 S 5.0 0.1 2:00.32 script 1357 user 15 0 4508 508 424 S 4.7 0.1 1:19.64 script ... 2 root RT 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 migration/0 3 root 34 19 0 0 0 R 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 ksoftirqd/0 4 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 events/0 5 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 khelper 6 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kthread 7 root 19 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 xenwatch 8 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 xenbus 16 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kblockd/0 18 root 20 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kseriod 55 root 15 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 pdflush |
$screen -x
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$screen -x
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$screen -x
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$ssh 192.168.16.24
![]() The authenticity of host '192.168.16.24 (192.168.16.24)' can't be established. DSA key fingerprint is 13:3f:fb:2a:53:62:8e:f8:0e:c7:3a:c9:10:99:b6:25. Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? no Host key verification failed. |
$screen -x
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$screen -x
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$screen -x
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$screen -x
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$ssh 192.168.16.24 -l root
[user@debian7:~]$ ssh 192.168.16.24 -l root The authenticity of host '192.168.16.24 (192.168.16.24)' can't be established. DSA key fingerprint is 13:3f:fb:2a:53:62:8e:f8:0e:c7:3a:c9:10:99:b6:25. Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes Failed to add the host to the list of known hosts (/home/user/.ssh/known_hosts). Password: Password: Password: Permission denied (publickey,keyboard-interactive). The authenticity of host '192.168.16.24 (192.168.16.24)' can't be established. ... http://www.FreeBSD.org/search/. If the doc distribution has been installed, they're also available formatted in /usr/share/doc. If you still have a question or problem, please take the output of `uname -a', along with any relevant error messages, and email it as a question to the questions@FreeBSD.org mailing list. If you are unfamiliar with FreeBSD's directory layout, please refer to the hier(7) manual page. If you are not familiar with manual pages, type `man man'. You may also use sysinstall(8) to re-enter the installation and configuration utility. Edit /etc/motd to change this login announcement. Removing stale pidfile |
#[root@fbsd4:~]#
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#[root@fbsd4:~]#
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#[root@fbsd4:~]#
|
$ps aux | grep 1355
user 1355 41.6 0.1 5700 1140 ? Rs 18:19 7:51 SCREEN user 2480 0.0 0.1 4620 740 ttyp5 R+ 18:37 0:00 grep 1355 |
$screen -x 1881
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#[root@fbsd4:~]#
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#[root@fbsd4:~]#
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#[root@fbsd4:~]# exit
![]() [root@fbsd4:~]# screen -x bash: screen: ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ ÎÅ ÎÁÊÄÅÎÁ exit Connection to 192.168.16.24 closed. |
$ssh 192.168.16.24 -l root
The authenticity of host '192.168.16.24 (192.168.16.24)' can't be established. DSA key fingerprint is 13:3f:fb:2a:53:62:8e:f8:0e:c7:3a:c9:10:99:b6:25. Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes Failed to add the host to the list of known hosts (/home/user/.ssh/known_hosts). Password: Last login: Fri Jul 31 18:36:03 2009 from 192.168.16.7 Copyright (c) 1980, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. FreeBSD 6.3-RELEASE (SMP) #0: Wed Jan 16 04:45:45 UTC 2008 Welcome to FreeBSD! ... http://www.FreeBSD.org/search/. If the doc distribution has been installed, they're also available formatted in /usr/share/doc. If you still have a question or problem, please take the output of `uname -a', along with any relevant error messages, and email it as a question to the questions@FreeBSD.org mailing list. If you are unfamiliar with FreeBSD's directory layout, please refer to the hier(7) manual page. If you are not familiar with manual pages, type `man man'. You may also use sysinstall(8) to re-enter the installation and configuration utility. Edit /etc/motd to change this login announcement. Removing stale pidfile |
#[root@fbsd4:~]# netstat -rn -f inet
[root@fbsd4:~]# netstat -rn Routing tables Internet: Destination Gateway Flags Refs Use Netif Expire default 192.168.16.254 UGS 1 119 re0 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 UH 0 77 lo0 192.168.16 link#1 UC 0 0 re0 192.168.16.7 00:16:3e:00:00:07 UHLW 1 113 re0 766 192.168.16.204 00:16:35:7d:81:ee UHLW 1 20821 re0 740 192.168.16.207 00:14:c2:05:a2:0e UHLW 1 1 re0 839 ... default 192.168.16.254 UGS 1 125 re0 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 UH 0 77 lo0 192.168.16 link#1 UC 0 0 re0 192.168.16.7 00:16:3e:00:00:07 UHLW 1 128 re0 761 192.168.16.204 00:16:35:7d:81:ee UHLW 1 20821 re0 735 192.168.16.207 00:14:c2:05:a2:0e UHLW 1 1 re0 834 192.168.16.254 00:04:75:75:46:b1 UHLW 2 89 re0 1195 192.168.54/27 link#2 UC 0 0 re1 => 192.168.54&0xc0a8361e 255.255.255.224 UGS 1 0 re0 192.168.54.30&0xc0a8361e 255.255.255.224 UGS 0 0 re0 |
#[root@fbsd4:~]# netstat -rn -f inet
[root@fbsd4:~]# netstat -rn -f inet6 Routing tables Internet6: Destination Gateway Flags Netif Expire ::1 ::1 UHL lo0 fe80::%lo0/64 fe80::1%lo0 U lo0 fe80::1%lo0 link#5 UHL lo0 ff01:5::/32 fe80::1%lo0 UC lo0 ff02::%lo0/32 fe80::1%lo0 UC lo0 Routing tables ... default 192.168.16.254 UGS 1 136 re0 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 UH 0 77 lo0 192.168.16 link#1 UC 0 0 re0 192.168.16.7 00:16:3e:00:00:07 UHLW 1 138 re0 756 192.168.16.204 00:16:35:7d:81:ee UHLW 1 20821 re0 730 192.168.16.207 00:14:c2:05:a2:0e UHLW 1 1 re0 829 192.168.16.254 00:04:75:75:46:b1 UHLW 2 91 re0 1199 192.168.54/27 link#2 UC 0 0 re1 => 192.168.54&0xc0a8361e 255.255.255.224 UGS 1 0 re0 192.168.54.30&0xc0a8361e 255.255.255.224 UGS 0 0 re0 |
#[root@fbsd4:~]#
[root@fbsd4:~]# /etc/netstart devd already running? (pid=705). lo0: flags=8049<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 16384 inet6 fe80::1%lo0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x5 inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000 re0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 options=1b<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,VLAN_MTU,VLAN_HWTAGGING> inet 192.168.16.24 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.16.255 ether 00:16:4e:00:00:04 media: Ethernet autoselect (100baseTX <full-duplex>) status: active add net default: gateway 192.168.16.254 Additional routing options:. |
#[root@fbsd4:~]#
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#[root@fbsd4:~]#
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#[root@fbsd4:~]# netstat -rn -f inet
Routing tables Internet: Destination Gateway Flags Refs Use Netif Expire default 192.168.16.254 UGS 0 6 re0 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 UH 0 0 lo0 192.168.16 link#1 UC 0 0 re0 192.168.16.7 00:16:3e:00:00:07 UHLW 1 16 re0 1198 192.168.16.254 00:04:75:75:46:b1 UHLW 2 2 re0 1198 192.168.54/27 link#2 UC 0 0 re1 |
#[root@fbsd4:~]# route add -net 192.168.54.32 255.255.255.224 192.168.54.3
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#[root@fbsd4:~]# route add -net 192.168.54.64 255.255.255.224 192.168.54.30
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#[root@fbsd4:~]# route add -net 192.168.54.32
subsequent addresses are in the XNS, OSI, or AppleTalk address families, or are specified as link-level addresses, and the names must be numeric specifications rather than symbolic names. The optional -netmask modifier is intended to achieve the effect of an OSI ESIS redirect with the netmask option, or to manually add subnet routes with netmasks different from that of the implied network interface (as would otherwise be communicated using the OSPF or ISIS routing proto- cols). One specifies an additional ensuing address parameter (to be interpreted as a network mask). The implicit network mask generated in the AF_INET case can be overridden by making sure this option follows the ... -proto1 RTF_PROTO1 - set protocol specific routing flag #1 -proto2 RTF_PROTO2 - set protocol specific routing flag #2 -llinfo RTF_LLINFO - validly translates proto addr to link addr The optional modifiers -rtt, -rttvar, -sendpipe, -recvpipe, -mtu, -hopcount, -expire, and -ssthresh provide initial values to quantities maintained in the routing entry by transport level protocols, such as TCP or TP4. These may be individually locked by preceding each such modifier to be locked by the -lock meta-modifier, or one can specify that all ensuing metrics may be locked by the -lockrest meta-modifier. In a change or add command where the destination and gateway are not suf- |
#[root@fbsd4:~]# ifconfig
re0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 options=1b<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,VLAN_MTU,VLAN_HWTAGGING> inet 192.168.16.24 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.16.255 ether 00:16:4e:00:00:04 media: Ethernet autoselect (100baseTX <full-duplex>) status: active re1: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 options=1b<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,VLAN_MTU,VLAN_HWTAGGING> inet 192.168.54.1 netmask 0xffffffe0 broadcast 192.168.54.31 ether 00:16:4e:00:01:04 ... re2: flags=8802<BROADCAST,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 options=1b<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,VLAN_MTU,VLAN_HWTAGGING> ether 00:16:4e:00:02:04 media: Ethernet autoselect (100baseTX <full-duplex>) status: active plip0: flags=108810<POINTOPOINT,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST,NEEDSGIANT> mtu 1500 lo0: flags=8049<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 16384 inet6 fe80::1%lo0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x5 inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000 |
#[root@fbsd4:~]# route add -net 192.168.54.32
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#[root@fbsd4:~]# route add -net 192.168.54.32 255.255.255.224 192.168.54.3
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#[root@fbsd4:~]# route add -net 192.168.54.32
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#[root@fbsd4:~]# route add -net 192.168.54.32 netmask 255.255.255.224 192.168.54.
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#[root@fbsd4:~]# route add -net 192.168.54.32 255.255.255.224
![]() [root@fbsd4:~]# route add -net 192.168.54.32 netmask 255.255.255.224192.168.54.3 |
#[root@fbsd4:~]# route add -net 192.168.54.32 255.255.255.224
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#[root@fbsd4:~]# route add -net 192.168.54.32 255.255.255.224
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#[root@fbsd4:~]# route add -net 192.168.54.32 255.255.255.224 192.168.54.30
add net 192.168.54.32: gateway 255.255.255.224 |
#[root@fbsd4:~]# route add -net 192.168.54.32 netmask
![]() route: bad address: netmask |
#[root@fbsd4:~]# route add -net 192.168.54.32 n
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#[root@fbsd4:~]# route add -net 192.168.54.32/27 192.168.54.30
[root@fbsd4:~]# route add -net 192.168.54.32 route: bad address: mask add net 192.168.54.32: gateway 192.168.54.30 |
#[root@fbsd4:~]# route add -net 192.168.54.32 255.255.255.224 192.168.54.30
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#[root@fbsd4:~]# route add -net 192.168.54.32 255.255.255.224 192.168.54.30
[root@fbsd4:~]# /etc/netstart devd already running? (pid=705). lo0: flags=8049<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 16384 inet6 fe80::1%lo0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x5 inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000 re0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 options=1b<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,VLAN_MTU,VLAN_HWTAGGING> inet 192.168.16.24 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.16.255 ether 00:16:4e:00:00:04 media: Ethernet autoselect (100baseTX <full-duplex>) status: active add net default: gateway 192.168.16.254 Additional routing options:. |
Время первой команды журнала | 20:41:01 2009- 7-29 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Время последней команды журнала | 17:45:43 2009- 7-31 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Количество командных строк в журнале | 101 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Процент команд с ненулевым кодом завершения, % | 26.73 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Процент синтаксически неверно набранных команд, % | 1.98 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Суммарное время работы с терминалом *, час | 1.32 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Количество командных строк в единицу времени, команда/мин | 1.27 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Частота использования команд |
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В журнал автоматически попадают все команды, данные в любом терминале системы.
Для того чтобы убедиться, что журнал на текущем терминале ведётся, и команды записываются, дайте команду w. В поле WHAT, соответствующем текущему терминалу, должна быть указана программа script.
Команды, при наборе которых были допущены синтаксические ошибки, выводятся перечёркнутым текстом:
$ l s-l bash: l: command not found |
Если код завершения команды равен нулю, команда была выполнена без ошибок. Команды, код завершения которых отличен от нуля, выделяются цветом.
$ test 5 -lt 4 |
Команды, ход выполнения которых был прерван пользователем, выделяются цветом.
$ find / -name abc find: /home/devi-orig/.gnome2: Keine Berechtigung find: /home/devi-orig/.gnome2_private: Keine Berechtigung find: /home/devi-orig/.nautilus/metafiles: Keine Berechtigung find: /home/devi-orig/.metacity: Keine Berechtigung find: /home/devi-orig/.inkscape: Keine Berechtigung ^C |
Команды, выполненные с привилегиями суперпользователя, выделяются слева красной чертой.
# id uid=0(root) gid=0(root) Gruppen=0(root) |
Изменения, внесённые в текстовый файл с помощью редактора, запоминаются и показываются в журнале в формате ed. Строки, начинающиеся символом "<", удалены, а строки, начинающиеся символом ">" -- добавлены.
$ vi ~/.bashrc
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Для того чтобы изменить файл в соответствии с показанными в диффшоте изменениями, можно воспользоваться командой patch. Нужно скопировать изменения, запустить программу patch, указав в качестве её аргумента файл, к которому применяются изменения, и всавить скопированный текст:
$ patch ~/.bashrc |
Для того чтобы получить краткую справочную информацию о команде, нужно подвести к ней мышь. Во всплывающей подсказке появится краткое описание команды.
Если справочная информация о команде есть, команда выделяется голубым фоном, например: vi. Если справочная информация отсутствует, команда выделяется розовым фоном, например: notepad.exe. Справочная информация может отсутствовать в том случае, если (1) команда введена неверно; (2) если распознавание команды LiLaLo выполнено неверно; (3) если информация о команде неизвестна LiLaLo. Последнее возможно для редких команд.
Большие, в особенности многострочные, всплывающие подсказки лучше всего показываются браузерами KDE Konqueror, Apple Safari и Microsoft Internet Explorer. В браузерах Mozilla и Firefox они отображаются не полностью, а вместо перевода строки выводится специальный символ.
Время ввода команды, показанное в журнале, соответствует времени начала ввода командной строки, которое равно тому моменту, когда на терминале появилось приглашение интерпретатора
Имя терминала, на котором была введена команда, показано в специальном блоке. Этот блок показывается только в том случае, если терминал текущей команды отличается от терминала предыдущей.
Вывод не интересующих вас в настоящий момент элементов журнала, таких как время, имя терминала и других, можно отключить. Для этого нужно воспользоваться формой управления журналом вверху страницы.
Небольшие комментарии к командам можно вставлять прямо из командной строки. Комментарий вводится прямо в командную строку, после символов #^ или #v. Символы ^ и v показывают направление выбора команды, к которой относится комментарий: ^ - к предыдущей, v - к следующей. Например, если в командной строке было введено:
$ whoami
user
$ #^ Интересно, кто я?в журнале это будет выглядеть так:
$ whoami
user
Интересно, кто я? |
Если комментарий содержит несколько строк, его можно вставить в журнал следующим образом:
$ whoami
user
$ cat > /dev/null #^ Интересно, кто я?
Программа whoami выводит имя пользователя, под которым мы зарегистрировались в системе. - Она не может ответить на вопрос о нашем назначении в этом мире.В журнале это будет выглядеть так:
$ whoami user
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Комментарии, не относящиеся непосредственно ни к какой из команд, добавляются точно таким же способом, только вместо симолов #^ или #v нужно использовать символы #=
1 2 3 4Группы команд, выполненных на разных терминалах, разделяются специальной линией. Под этой линией в правом углу показано имя терминала, на котором выполнялись команды. Для того чтобы посмотреть команды только одного сенса, нужно щёкнуть по этому названию.
LiLaLo (L3) расшифровывается как Live Lab Log.
Программа разработана для повышения эффективности обучения Unix/Linux-системам.
(c) Игорь Чубин, 2004-2008