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Журнал лабораторных работ

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Журнал

Понедельник (01/11/10)

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Журнал

Понедельник (01/11/10)

/dev/ttyp8

10:37:24

#cd -

/tmp

/dev/ttyp0

10:37:24

#cd -

/dev/ttyp8

10:37:25

#pwd

/tmp

10:37:31

#echo $PWD

/tmp

10:37:39

#echo $OLD

/root

/dev/ttyp0

10:37:41

#pwd

/dev/ttyp8

10:37:44

#cd -

/root

10:37:49

#cd .

/dev/ttyp0

10:37:49

#cd .

/dev/ttyp8

10:37:56

#pwd

/root

/dev/ttyp0

10:38:00

#pwd

10:38:02

#cd /tmp

/dev/ttyp8

10:38:16

#cd /tmp

10:38:28

#lz

bash: lz: command not found

/dev/ttyp0

10:38:32

#ls

10:38:35

#pwd

/tmp

10:38:37

#cd /home/user

10:39:27

#pwd

/home/user

10:39:30

#ls

hello

10:39:35

#cd /tmp

10:39:39

#ls -l

итого 0

10:46:03

#ls -a

.  ..  .gdm_socket  .ICE-unix  .X0-lock  .X11-unix

/dev/ttyp8

10:46:08

#ls

[root@debian1:tmp]# ls

10:46:10

#ls -a

.  ..  .gdm_socket  .ICE-unix  .X0-lock  .X11-unix

10:46:13

#ls -al

итого 5
drwxrwxrwt  4 root root 168 2010-01-11 11:34 .
drwxr-xr-x 23 root root 544 2008-07-04 20:13 ..
srw-rw-rw-  1 root root   0 2010-01-09 19:22 .gdm_socket
drwxrwxrwt  2 root root  48 2010-01-09 19:22 .ICE-unix
-r--r--r--  1 root root  11 2010-01-09 19:22 .X0-lock
drwxrwxrwt  2 root root  72 2010-01-09 19:22 .X11-unix

/dev/ttyp0

10:46:16

#ls -al

итого 5
drwxrwxrwt  4 root root 168 2010-01-11 11:34 .
drwxr-xr-x 23 root root 544 2008-07-04 20:13 ..
srw-rw-rw-  1 root root   0 2010-01-09 19:22 .gdm_socket
drwxrwxrwt  2 root root  48 2010-01-09 19:22 .ICE-unix
-r--r--r--  1 root root  11 2010-01-09 19:22 .X0-lock
drwxrwxrwt  2 root root  72 2010-01-09 19:22 .X11-unix

/dev/ttyp8

10:46:23

#ls /tmp

/dev/ttyp0

10:46:27

#ls -al /

итого 17
drwxr-xr-x  23 root root  544 2008-07-04 20:13 .
drwxr-xr-x  23 root root  544 2008-07-04 20:13 ..
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 2480 2008-03-15 09:50 bin
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root   48 2006-10-28 17:06 boot
drwxr-xr-x  10 root root 2820 2010-01-09 19:22 dev
drwxr-xr-x  56 root root 3384 2010-01-11 11:34 etc
drwxr-xr-x 205 root root 4920 2008-03-14 11:04 home
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root   48 2007-12-23 16:30 initrd
drwxr-xr-x  12 root root 3696 2008-10-27 07:28 lib
...
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root   48 2006-10-28 17:06 mnt
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root   48 2007-12-23 16:30 opt
dr-xr-xr-x  71 root root    0 2010-01-09 19:22 proc
drwxr-xr-x   7 root root  400 2010-01-11 11:34 root
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 2736 2008-12-22 14:57 sbin
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root   48 2007-12-23 16:30 srv
drwxr-xr-x  12 root root    0 2010-01-09 19:22 sys
drwxrwxrwt   4 root root  168 2010-01-11 11:34 tmp
drwxr-xr-x  11 root root  264 2007-12-23 16:42 usr
drwxr-xr-x  13 root root  312 2008-03-14 16:53 var

/dev/ttyp8

10:49:27

#ls -l / | cat -n

     1  итого 16
     2  drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 2480 2008-03-15 09:50 bin
     3  drwxr-xr-x   2 root root   48 2006-10-28 17:06 boot
     4  drwxr-xr-x  10 root root 2820 2010-01-09 19:22 dev
     5  drwxr-xr-x  56 root root 3384 2010-01-11 11:34 etc
     6  drwxr-xr-x 205 root root 4920 2008-03-14 11:04 home
     7  drwxr-xr-x   2 root root   48 2007-12-23 16:30 initrd
     8  drwxr-xr-x  12 root root 3696 2008-10-27 07:28 lib
     9  drwx------   2 root root   48 2007-12-23 16:25 lost+found
    10  drwxr-xr-x   2 root root   48 2007-12-23 16:30 media
    11  drwxr-xr-x   2 root root   48 2006-10-28 17:06 mnt
    12  drwxr-xr-x   2 root root   48 2007-12-23 16:30 opt
    13  dr-xr-xr-x  72 root root    0 2010-01-09 19:22 proc
    14  drwxr-xr-x   7 root root  400 2010-01-11 11:34 root
    15  drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 2736 2008-12-22 14:57 sbin
    16  drwxr-xr-x   2 root root   48 2007-12-23 16:30 srv
    17  drwxr-xr-x  12 root root    0 2010-01-09 19:22 sys
    18  drwxrwxrwt   4 root root  168 2010-01-11 11:34 tmp
    19  drwxr-xr-x  11 root root  264 2007-12-23 16:42 usr
    20  drwxr-xr-x  13 root root  312 2008-03-14 16:53 var

10:49:34

#ls -a

     1  итого 17
     2  drwxr-xr-x  23 root root  544 2008-07-04 20:13 .
     3  drwxr-xr-x  23 root root  544 2008-07-04 20:13 ..
     4  drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 2480 2008-03-15 09:50 bin
     5  drwxr-xr-x   2 root root   48 2006-10-28 17:06 boot
     6  drwxr-xr-x  10 root root 2820 2010-01-09 19:22 dev
     7  drwxr-xr-x  56 root root 3384 2010-01-11 11:34 etc
     8  drwxr-xr-x 205 root root 4920 2008-03-14 11:04 home
     9  drwxr-xr-x   2 root root   48 2007-12-23 16:30 initrd
    10  drwxr-xr-x  12 root root 3696 2008-10-27 07:28 lib
...
    13  drwxr-xr-x   2 root root   48 2006-10-28 17:06 mnt
    14  drwxr-xr-x   2 root root   48 2007-12-23 16:30 opt
    15  dr-xr-xr-x  72 root root    0 2010-01-09 19:22 proc
    16  drwxr-xr-x   7 root root  400 2010-01-11 11:34 root
    17  drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 2736 2008-12-22 14:57 sbin
    18  drwxr-xr-x   2 root root   48 2007-12-23 16:30 srv
    19  drwxr-xr-x  12 root root    0 2010-01-09 19:22 sys
    20  drwxrwxrwt   4 root root  168 2010-01-11 11:34 tmp
    21  drwxr-xr-x  11 root root  264 2007-12-23 16:42 usr
    22  drwxr-xr-x  13 root root  312 2008-03-14 16:53 var

10:49:38

#ls -al /

итого 17
drwxr-xr-x  23 root root  544 2008-07-04 20:13 .
drwxr-xr-x  23 root root  544 2008-07-04 20:13 ..
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 2480 2008-03-15 09:50 bin
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root   48 2006-10-28 17:06 boot
drwxr-xr-x  10 root root 2820 2010-01-09 19:22 dev
drwxr-xr-x  56 root root 3384 2010-01-11 11:34 etc
drwxr-xr-x 205 root root 4920 2008-03-14 11:04 home
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root   48 2007-12-23 16:30 initrd
drwxr-xr-x  12 root root 3696 2008-10-27 07:28 lib
...
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root   48 2006-10-28 17:06 mnt
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root   48 2007-12-23 16:30 opt
dr-xr-xr-x  71 root root    0 2010-01-09 19:22 proc
drwxr-xr-x   7 root root  400 2010-01-11 11:34 root
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 2736 2008-12-22 14:57 sbin
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root   48 2007-12-23 16:30 srv
drwxr-xr-x  12 root root    0 2010-01-09 19:22 sys
drwxrwxrwt   4 root root  168 2010-01-11 11:34 tmp
drwxr-xr-x  11 root root  264 2007-12-23 16:42 usr
drwxr-xr-x  13 root root  312 2008-03-14 16:53 var

10:49:49

#ls -la

итого 5
drwxrwxrwt  4 root root 168 2010-01-11 11:34 .
drwxr-xr-x 23 root root 544 2008-07-04 20:13 ..
srw-rw-rw-  1 root root   0 2010-01-09 19:22 .gdm_socket
drwxrwxrwt  2 root root  48 2010-01-09 19:22 .ICE-unix
-r--r--r--  1 root root  11 2010-01-09 19:22 .X0-lock
drwxrwxrwt  2 root root  72 2010-01-09 19:22 .X11-unix

10:50:10

#ls -l

итого 0

10:50:11

#LANG=C

10:50:14

#ls -al /

total 17
drwxr-xr-x  23 root root  544 Jul  4  2008 .
drwxr-xr-x  23 root root  544 Jul  4  2008 ..
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 2480 Mar 15  2008 bin
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root   48 Oct 28  2006 boot
drwxr-xr-x  10 root root 2820 Jan  9 19:22 dev
drwxr-xr-x  56 root root 3384 Jan 11 11:34 etc
drwxr-xr-x 205 root root 4920 Mar 14  2008 home
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root   48 Dec 23  2007 initrd
drwxr-xr-x  12 root root 3696 Oct 27  2008 lib
...
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root   48 Oct 28  2006 mnt
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root   48 Dec 23  2007 opt
dr-xr-xr-x  71 root root    0 Jan  9 19:22 proc
drwxr-xr-x   7 root root  400 Jan 11 11:34 root
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 2736 Dec 22  2008 sbin
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root   48 Dec 23  2007 srv
drwxr-xr-x  12 root root    0 Jan  9 19:22 sys
drwxrwxrwt   4 root root  168 Jan 11 11:34 tmp
drwxr-xr-x  11 root root  264 Dec 23  2007 usr
drwxr-xr-x  13 root root  312 Mar 14  2008 var

/dev/ttyp0

10:50:24

#ls -la

итого 5
drwxrwxrwt  4 root root 168 2010-01-11 11:34 .
drwxr-xr-x 23 root root 544 2008-07-04 20:13 ..
srw-rw-rw-  1 root root   0 2010-01-09 19:22 .gdm_socket
drwxrwxrwt  2 root root  48 2010-01-09 19:22 .ICE-unix
-r--r--r--  1 root root  11 2010-01-09 19:22 .X0-lock
drwxrwxrwt  2 root root  72 2010-01-09 19:22 .X11-unix

/dev/ttyp8

10:50:24

#ls -lah

[root@debian1:tmp]# ls -la
total 5
drwxrwxrwt  4 root root 168 Jan 11 11:34 .
drwxr-xr-x 23 root root 544 Jul  4  2008 ..
drwxrwxrwt  2 root root  48 Jan  9 19:22 .ICE-unix
-r--r--r--  1 root root  11 Jan  9 19:22 .X0-lock
drwxrwxrwt  2 root root  72 Jan  9 19:22 .X11-unix
srw-rw-rw-  1 root root   0 Jan  9 19:22 .gdm_socket
total 4.5K
drwxrwxrwt  4 root root 168 Jan 11 11:34 .
drwxr-xr-x 23 root root 544 Jul  4  2008 ..
drwxrwxrwt  2 root root  48 Jan  9 19:22 .ICE-unix
-r--r--r--  1 root root  11 Jan  9 19:22 .X0-lock
drwxrwxrwt  2 root root  72 Jan  9 19:22 .X11-unix
srw-rw-rw-  1 root root   0 Jan  9 19:22 .gdm_socket

/dev/ttyp0

10:50:33

#touch file

/dev/ttyp8

10:52:34

#ls -l

[root@debian1:tmp]# touch file
total 0
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 11 11:52 file

10:52:41

#ls -l

[root@debian1:tmp]# ls -la
total 5
drwxrwxrwt  4 root root 192 Jan 11 11:52 .
drwxr-xr-x 23 root root 544 Jul  4  2008 ..
drwxrwxrwt  2 root root  48 Jan  9 19:22 .ICE-unix
-r--r--r--  1 root root  11 Jan  9 19:22 .X0-lock
drwxrwxrwt  2 root root  72 Jan  9 19:22 .X11-unix
srw-rw-rw-  1 root root   0 Jan  9 19:22 .gdm_socket
-rw-r--r--  1 root root   0 Jan 11 11:52 file
total 0
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 11 11:52 file

/dev/ttyp0

10:52:52

#ls -la

итого 5
drwxrwxrwt  4 root root 192 2010-01-11 11:52 .
drwxr-xr-x 23 root root 544 2008-07-04 20:13 ..
-rw-r--r--  1 root root   0 2010-01-11 11:52 file
srw-rw-rw-  1 root root   0 2010-01-09 19:22 .gdm_socket
drwxrwxrwt  2 root root  48 2010-01-09 19:22 .ICE-unix
-r--r--r--  1 root root  11 2010-01-09 19:22 .X0-lock
drwxrwxrwt  2 root root  72 2010-01-09 19:22 .X11-unix

10:52:55

#ln -s file sym_link_to_file

ln: создание символьной ссылки с `sym_link_to_file' на `file': File exists

/dev/ttyp8

10:53:38

#ls -l

[root@debian1:tmp]# ln -s file sym_link_to_file
total 0
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 11 11:52 file
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 4 Jan 11 11:53 sym_link_to_file -> file

/dev/ttyp0

10:53:46

#ls -la

итого 5
drwxrwxrwt  4 root root 224 2010-01-11 11:53 .
drwxr-xr-x 23 root root 544 2008-07-04 20:13 ..
-rw-r--r--  1 root root   0 2010-01-11 11:52 file
srw-rw-rw-  1 root root   0 2010-01-09 19:22 .gdm_socket
drwxrwxrwt  2 root root  48 2010-01-09 19:22 .ICE-unix
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root   4 2010-01-11 11:53 sym_link_to_file -> file
-r--r--r--  1 root root  11 2010-01-09 19:22 .X0-lock
drwxrwxrwt  2 root root  72 2010-01-09 19:22 .X11-unix

/dev/ttyp8

10:53:53

#vim sym_link_to_file

--- /tmp/l3-saved-2188.22217.2382	2010-01-11 11:54:11.000000000 +0200
+++ sym_link_to_file	2010-01-11 11:54:30.000000000 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+added in sym_link_to_file

/dev/ttyp0

10:54:03

#ln file hard_link_to_file

ln: создание жесткой ссылки с `hard_link_to_file' на `file': File exists

/dev/ttyp8

10:54:33

#cat file

[root@debian1:tmp]# cat sym_link_to_file
added in sym_link_to_file
added in sym_link_to_file

10:54:45

#vim sym_link_to_file

--- /tmp/l3-saved-2188.32765.13680	2010-01-11 11:54:57.000000000 +0200
+++ sym_link_to_file	2010-01-11 11:55:11.000000000 +0200
@@ -1 +1,102 @@
 added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file
+added in sym_link_to_file

10:55:12

#vim sym_link_to_file

10:55:25

#ls -li

total 4
52448 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2652 Jan 11 11:55 file
52474 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root    4 Jan 11 11:53 sym_link_to_file -> file

10:55:53

#ls -l

[root@debian1:tmp]# ln file hard_link_to_file
total 8
-rw-r--r-- 2 root root 2652 Jan 11 11:55 file
-rw-r--r-- 2 root root 2652 Jan 11 11:55 hard_link_to_file
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root    4 Jan 11 11:53 sym_link_to_file -> file

/dev/ttyp0

10:55:55

#ls -l

итого 8
-rw-r--r-- 2 root root 2652 2010-01-11 11:55 file
-rw-r--r-- 2 root root 2652 2010-01-11 11:55 hard_link_to_file
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root    4 2010-01-11 11:53 sym_link_to_file -> file

10:56:12

#ls -li

итого 8
52448 -rw-r--r-- 2 root root 2652 2010-01-11 11:55 file
52448 -rw-r--r-- 2 root root 2652 2010-01-11 11:55 hard_link_to_file
52474 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root    4 2010-01-11 11:53 sym_link_to_file -> file

/dev/ttyp8

10:56:25

#vim hard_link_to_file

/dev/ttyp0

10:56:30

#rm file

rm: невозможно удалить `file': No such file or directory

/dev/ttyp8

10:57:00

#ls -li

total 8
52448 -rw-r--r-- 2 root root 2652 Jan 11 11:55 file
52448 -rw-r--r-- 2 root root 2652 Jan 11 11:55 hard_link_to_file
52474 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root    4 Jan 11 11:53 sym_link_to_file -> file

10:59:17

#ls -l /tmp/fifo

[root@debian1:tmp]# mkfifo /tmp/fifo
prw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 11 11:59 /tmp/fifo

/dev/ttypa

10:59:29

#echo 1>/tmp/fifo

/dev/ttyp8

10:59:42

#cat /tmp/fifo

/dev/ttypa

10:59:45

#echo 1

/dev/ttyp8

10:59:53

#rm file

11:01:05

#rm -v fil]e

rm: cannot remove `fil]e': No such file or directory

11:01:09

#rm -v sym_link_to_file

removed `sym_link_to_file'

11:01:15

#rm -vi hard_link_to_file

rm: remove regular file `hard_link_to_file'? n

11:01:27

#rm -vi hard_link_to_file

/dev/ttyp0

11:01:31

#ls

fifo  hard_link_to_file

/dev/ttyp8

11:01:38

#vim /etc/sudoers

/dev/ttyp0

11:01:39

#mkdir 1

mkdir: невозможно создать каталог `1': File exists

/dev/ttyp8

11:01:56

#ls -l /etc/sudoers

-r--r----- 1 root root 320 Mar 11  2008 /etc/sudoers

11:02:03

#ls

fifo  hard_link_to_file

11:03:14

#mkdir 1

[root@debian1:tmp]# rm -rf /*

11:03:37

#ls

1  fifo  hard_link_to_file

/dev/ttyp0

11:03:41

#ls

1  fifo  hard_link_to_file

/dev/ttyp8

11:03:41

#ls -l 1

[root@debian1:tmp]# ls -l
total 4
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root   48 Jan 11 12:03 1
prw-r--r-- 1 root root    0 Jan 11 11:59 fifo
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2652 Jan 11 11:55 hard_link_to_file
total 0

/dev/ttyp0

11:03:45

#mkdir 2

11:03:48

#ls

1  2  fifo  hard_link_to_file

/dev/ttyp8

11:03:51

#mkdir -pv 1/2/3/4/5

[root@debian1:tmp]# mkdir 1/2/3/4/5
mkdir: cannot create directory `1/2/3/4/5': No such file or directory
mkdir: created directory `1/2'
mkdir: created directory `1/2/3'
mkdir: created directory `1/2/3/4'
mkdir: created directory `1/2/3/4/5'

/dev/ttyp0

11:04:17

#tree 1

1
`-- 2
    `-- 3
        `-- 4
            `-- 5
4 directories, 0 files

/dev/ttyp8

11:04:18

#rmdir 1

[root@debian1:tmp]# tree 1
1
`-- 2
    `-- 3
        `-- 4
            `-- 5
4 directories, 0 files
rmdir: 1: Directory not empty

/dev/ttyp0

11:04:25

#man touch

/dev/ttyp8

11:04:34

#rmdir 1/2/3/4/5/

11:04:40

#rmdir 1/2/3

[root@debian1:tmp]# rmdir 1/2/3/4

11:04:42

#rmdir 1/2

11:04:43

#rm -rf 1/

11:06:14

#tree 2009

[root@debian1:tmp]# mkdir -vp 200{7,8,9}/{0{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9},1{0,1,2}}
mkdir: created directory `2007'
mkdir: created directory `2007/01'
mkdir: created directory `2007/02'
mkdir: created directory `2007/03'
mkdir: created directory `2007/04'
mkdir: created directory `2007/05'
mkdir: created directory `2007/06'
mkdir: created directory `2007/07'
mkdir: created directory `2007/08'
...
|-- 04
|-- 05
|-- 06
|-- 07
|-- 08
|-- 09
|-- 10
|-- 11
`-- 12
12 directories, 0 files

11:07:06

#ls

[root@debian1:tmp]# mkdir -vp 200{7,8,9}/{0{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9},1{0,1,2}}
2  2007  2008  2009  fifo  hard_link_to_file

11:07:18

#ls -l

[root@debian1:tmp]# cp hard_link_to_file hard_link_to_file_copy
total 8
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root   48 Jan 11 12:03 2
drwxr-xr-x 14 root root  336 Jan 11 12:06 2007
drwxr-xr-x 14 root root  336 Jan 11 12:06 2008
drwxr-xr-x 14 root root  336 Jan 11 12:06 2009
prw-r--r--  1 root root    0 Jan 11 11:59 fifo
-rw-r--r--  1 root root 2652 Jan 11 11:55 hard_link_to_file
-rw-r--r--  1 root root 2652 Jan 11 12:07 hard_link_to_file_copy

11:07:45

#ls

[root@debian1:tmp]# cp hard_link_to_file{,_backup}
2     2008  fifo               hard_link_to_file_backup
2007  2009  hard_link_to_file  hard_link_to_file_copy

http://xgu.ru/wiki/Chmod

/dev/ttyp0

11:13:36

#man touch

11:19:37

#cd /

11:19:41

#ls

bin   dev  home    lib         media  opt   root  srv  tmp  var
boot  etc  initrd  lost+found  mnt    proc  sbin  sys  usr

11:19:58

#cd /:

bash: cd: /:: No such file or directory

11:20:08

#cd ^

bash: cd: ^: No such file or directory

11:20:20