/l3/users/eb/2009/linux9/root :1 :2 :3 :4 :5 :6 :7 :8 :9 :10 :11 :12 :13 :14 :15 :16 :17 :18 :19 :20 :21 :22 :23 :24 :25 :26 :27 :28 :29 :30 :31 :32 :33 :34 :35 :36 :37 :38 :39 |
|
#Bexit
bash: Bexit: command not found |
#/etc/init.d/console-cyrillic restart
Setting up Cyrillic on the console... cyr: This command may be executed only in Linux console. cyr: Try `cyr --help for more information. |
#/etc/init.d/console-cyrillic restart
Setting up Cyrillic on the console... cyr: This command may be executed only in Linux console. cyr: Try `cyr --help for more information. |
#w
11:12:41 up 2:49, 5 users, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00 USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT user tty1 - 10:07 16:57 0.02s 0.00s -bash root tty2 - 10:17 55:25 0.00s 0.00s script -f -c ba user tty3 - 10:17 54:34 0.00s 0.00s -bash user tty7 :0 09:35 2:49m 21.98s 0.11s x-session-manag user pts/0 :0.0 09:38 0.00s 0.00s 0.00s bash |
#w
11:12:41 up 2:49, 5 users, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00 USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT user tty1 - 10:07 16:57 0.02s 0.00s -bash root tty2 - 10:17 55:25 0.00s 0.00s script -f -c ba user tty3 - 10:17 54:34 0.00s 0.00s -bash user tty7 :0 09:35 2:49m 21.98s 0.11s x-session-manag user pts/0 :0.0 09:38 0.00s 0.00s 0.00s bash |
#ping 10.0.35.100
PING 10.0.35.100 (10.0.35.100) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 10.0.35.100: icmp_seq=1 ttl=62 time=0.236 ms 64 bytes from 10.0.35.100: icmp_seq=2 ttl=62 time=0.218 ms 64 bytes from 10.0.35.100: icmp_seq=3 ttl=62 time=0.218 ms ^C --- 10.0.35.100 ping statistics --- 3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 1998ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.218/0.224/0.236/0.008 ms |
#ping 10.0.35.100
PING 10.0.35.100 (10.0.35.100) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 10.0.35.100: icmp_seq=1 ttl=62 time=0.236 ms 64 bytes from 10.0.35.100: icmp_seq=2 ttl=62 time=0.218 ms 64 bytes from 10.0.35.100: icmp_seq=3 ttl=62 time=0.218 ms ^C --- 10.0.35.100 ping statistics --- 3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 1998ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.218/0.224/0.236/0.008 ms |
#ssh root@10.0.35.100
The authenticity of host '10.0.35.100 (10.0.35.100)' can't be established. RSA key fingerprint is 69:b5:3e:1a:9a:b7:c3:c3:96:03:c7:b7:b4:69:1d:3b. Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes Warning: Permanently added '10.0.35.100' (RSA) to the list of known hosts. root@10.0.35.100's password: Permission denied, please try again. root@10.0.35.100's password: Linux linux0 2.6.18-6-xen-686 #1 SMP Sun Feb 10 22:43:13 UTC 2008 i686 The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software; the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright. Debian GNU/Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by applicable law. Last login: Mon May 25 08:31:39 2009 from linux4.unix.nt |
#ssh root@10.0.35.100
The authenticity of host '10.0.35.100 (10.0.35.100)' can't be established. RSA key fingerprint is 69:b5:3e:1a:9a:b7:c3:c3:96:03:c7:b7:b4:69:1d:3b. Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes Warning: Permanently added '10.0.35.100' (RSA) to the list of known hosts. root@10.0.35.100's password: Permission denied, please try again. root@10.0.35.100's password: Linux linux0 2.6.18-6-xen-686 #1 SMP Sun Feb 10 22:43:13 UTC 2008 i686 The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software; the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright. Debian GNU/Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by applicable law. Last login: Mon May 25 08:31:39 2009 from linux4.unix.nt |
#w
08:31:48 up 6 min, 14 users, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00 USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT root pts/0 linux8.unix.nt 08:31 5.00s 0.00s 0.00s script -f -c ba root pts/2 linux13.unix.nt 08:31 4.00s 0.00s 0.00s script -f -c ba root pts/4 linux14.unix.nt 08:31 3.00s 0.00s 0.00s script -f -c ba root pts/6 linux6.unix.nt 08:31 6.00s 0.00s 0.00s script -f -c ba root pts/8 linux1.unix.nt 08:31 21.00s 0.00s 0.00s script -f -c ba root pts/10 linux7.unix.nt 08:31 3.00s 0.00s 0.00s script -f -c ba root pts/12 linux11.unix.nt 08:31 18.00s 0.00s 0.00s script -f -c ba root pts/14 linux5.unix.nt 08:31 19.00s 0.01s 0.01s script -f -c ba root pts/16 linux12.unix.nt 08:31 12.00s 0.00s 0.00s script -f -c ba root pts/18 192.168.15.253 08:31 11.00s 0.00s 0.00s script -f -c ba root pts/20 linux4.unix.nt 08:31 1.00s 0.00s 0.00s script -f -c ba root pts/22 linux9.unix.nt 08:31 0.00s 0.00s 0.00s script -f -c ba root pts/24 linux10.unix.nt 08:31 4.00s 0.00s 0.00s script -f -c ba root pts/26 linux15.unix.nt 08:31 3.00s 0.00s 0.00s script -f -c ba |
#w
08:31:48 up 6 min, 14 users, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00 USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT root pts/0 linux8.unix.nt 08:31 5.00s 0.00s 0.00s script -f -c ba root pts/2 linux13.unix.nt 08:31 4.00s 0.00s 0.00s script -f -c ba root pts/4 linux14.unix.nt 08:31 3.00s 0.00s 0.00s script -f -c ba root pts/6 linux6.unix.nt 08:31 6.00s 0.00s 0.00s script -f -c ba root pts/8 linux1.unix.nt 08:31 21.00s 0.00s 0.00s script -f -c ba root pts/10 linux7.unix.nt 08:31 3.00s 0.00s 0.00s script -f -c ba root pts/12 linux11.unix.nt 08:31 18.00s 0.00s 0.00s script -f -c ba root pts/14 linux5.unix.nt 08:31 19.00s 0.01s 0.01s script -f -c ba root pts/16 linux12.unix.nt 08:31 12.00s 0.00s 0.00s script -f -c ba root pts/18 192.168.15.253 08:31 11.00s 0.00s 0.00s script -f -c ba root pts/20 linux4.unix.nt 08:31 1.00s 0.00s 0.00s script -f -c ba root pts/22 linux9.unix.nt 08:31 0.00s 0.00s 0.00s script -f -c ba root pts/24 linux10.unix.nt 08:31 4.00s 0.00s 0.00s script -f -c ba root pts/26 linux15.unix.nt 08:31 3.00s 0.00s 0.00s script -f -c ba |
#dpkg-reconfigure locales
x from the generated locales. x x x x This will select the default language for the entire system. If this x x system is a multi-user system where not all users are able to speak the x x default language, they will experience difficulties. x x x x Default locale for the system environment: x x x x None x x ru_RU.UTF-8 x x x x x x <Ok> <Cancel> x x x mqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqj Generating locales (this might take a while)... ru_RU.UTF-8... done Generation complete. |
#dpkg-reconfigure locales
x from the generated locales. x x x x This will select the default language for the entire system. If this x x system is a multi-user system where not all users are able to speak the x x default language, they will experience difficulties. x x x x Default locale for the system environment: x x x x None x x ru_RU.UTF-8 x x x x x x <Ok> <Cancel> x x x mqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqj Generating locales (this might take a while)... ru_RU.UTF-8... done Generation complete. |
#apt-get install manpages-ru
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required: update-inetd portmap Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove them. The following NEW packages will be installed: manpages-ru 0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. Need to get 586kB of archives. After this operation, 1159kB of additional disk space will be used. Get:1 http://10.0.35.1 sid/main manpages-ru 0.98-4 [586kB] Fetched 586kB in 0s (11.0MB/s) Selecting previously deselected package manpages-ru. (Reading database ... 41473 files and directories currently installed.) Unpacking manpages-ru (from .../manpages-ru_0.98-4_all.deb) ... Processing triggers for man-db ... Setting up manpages-ru (0.98-4) ... |
#apt-get install manpages-ru
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required: update-inetd portmap Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove them. The following NEW packages will be installed: manpages-ru 0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. Need to get 586kB of archives. After this operation, 1159kB of additional disk space will be used. Get:1 http://10.0.35.1 sid/main manpages-ru 0.98-4 [586kB] Fetched 586kB in 0s (11.0MB/s) Selecting previously deselected package manpages-ru. (Reading database ... 41473 files and directories currently installed.) Unpacking manpages-ru (from .../manpages-ru_0.98-4_all.deb) ... Processing triggers for man-db ... Setting up manpages-ru (0.98-4) ... |
#echo $LANG
ru_RU.UTF-8 |
#Package configuration
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done console-cyrillic is already the newest version. The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required: update-inetd portmap Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove them. 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. |
#Package configuration
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done console-cyrillic is already the newest version. The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required: update-inetd portmap Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove them. 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. |
#apt-get install console-cyrillic
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done console-cyrillic is already the newest version. The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required: update-inetd portmap Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove them. 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. |
#apt-get install console-cyrillic
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done console-cyrillic is already the newest version. The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required: update-inetd portmap Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove them. 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. |
#apt-get install console-cyrillic
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done console-cyrillic is already the newest version. The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required: update-inetd portmap Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove them. 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. |
#apt-get install console-cyrillic
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done console-cyrillic is already the newest version. The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required: update-inetd portmap Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove them. 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. |
#apt-get install console-cyrillic
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done console-cyrillic is already the newest version. The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required: update-inetd portmap Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove them. 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. |
#apt-get install console-cyrillic
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done console-cyrillic is already the newest version. The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required: update-inetd portmap Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove them. 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. |
#apt-get install console-cyrillic
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done console-cyrillic is already the newest version. The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required: update-inetd portmap Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove them. 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. |
#apt-get install console-cyrillic
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done console-cyrillic is already the newest version. The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required: update-inetd portmap Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove them. 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. |
#dpkg-reconfigure locales
x users to use their language, country, characters, collation order, etc. x x x x Please choose which locales to generate. UTF-8 locales should be chosen x x by default, particularly for new installations. Other character sets may x x be useful for backwards compatibility with older systems and software. x x x x Locales to be generated: x x x x [ ] ku_TR.UTF-8 UTF-8 x x [ ] kw_GB ISO-8859-1 a x x [ ] kw_GB.UTF-8 UTF-8 x x [ ] ky_KG UTF-8 a x x [ ] lg_UG ISO-8859-10 x x x x x x <Ok> <Cancel> x x x mqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqj |
#dpkg-reconfigure locales
x users to use their language, country, characters, collation order, etc. x x x x Please choose which locales to generate. UTF-8 locales should be chosen x x by default, particularly for new installations. Other character sets may x x be useful for backwards compatibility with older systems and software. x x x x Locales to be generated: x x x x [ ] ku_TR.UTF-8 UTF-8 x x [ ] kw_GB ISO-8859-1 a x x [ ] kw_GB.UTF-8 UTF-8 x x [ ] ky_KG UTF-8 a x x [ ] lg_UG ISO-8859-10 x x x x x x <Ok> <Cancel> x x x mqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqj |
#LANG=ru_RU.UTF-8 date
Пнд Май 25 12:12:42 EEST 2009 |
#/etc/init.d/console-cyrillic restart
|
#Package configuration
Setting up Cyrillic on the console... cyr: This command may be executed only in Linux console. cyr: Try `cyr --help for more information. |
#Package configuration
Setting up Cyrillic on the console... cyr: This command may be executed only in Linux console. cyr: Try `cyr --help for more information. |
#/etc/init.d/gdm restart
Stopping GNOME Display Manager: gdm. Starting GNOME Display Manager: gdm. |
#/etc/init.d/gdm restart
Stopping GNOME Display Manager: gdm. Starting GNOME Display Manager: gdm. |
#ssh root@10.0.35.100
root@10.0.35.100's password: Linux linux0 2.6.18-6-xen-686 #1 SMP Sun Feb 10 22:43:13 UTC 2008 i686 The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software; the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright. Debian GNU/Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by applicable law. Last login: Mon May 25 09:39:52 2009 from linux16.unix.nt |
#ssh root@10.0.35.100
root@10.0.35.100's password: Linux linux0 2.6.18-6-xen-686 #1 SMP Sun Feb 10 22:43:13 UTC 2008 i686 The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software; the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright. Debian GNU/Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by applicable law. Last login: Mon May 25 09:39:52 2009 from linux16.unix.nt |
Время первой команды журнала | 10:17:16 2009- 5-25 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Время последней команды журнала | 12:27:24 2009- 5-25 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Количество командных строк в журнале | 100 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Процент команд с ненулевым кодом завершения, % | 6.00 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Процент синтаксически неверно набранных команд, % | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Суммарное время работы с терминалом *, час | 1.53 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Количество командных строк в единицу времени, команда/мин | 1.09 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Частота использования команд |
|
В журнал автоматически попадают все команды, данные в любом терминале системы.
Для того чтобы убедиться, что журнал на текущем терминале ведётся, и команды записываются, дайте команду w. В поле WHAT, соответствующем текущему терминалу, должна быть указана программа script.
Команды, при наборе которых были допущены синтаксические ошибки, выводятся перечёркнутым текстом:
$ l s-l bash: l: command not found |
Если код завершения команды равен нулю, команда была выполнена без ошибок. Команды, код завершения которых отличен от нуля, выделяются цветом.
$ test 5 -lt 4 |
Команды, ход выполнения которых был прерван пользователем, выделяются цветом.
$ find / -name abc find: /home/devi-orig/.gnome2: Keine Berechtigung find: /home/devi-orig/.gnome2_private: Keine Berechtigung find: /home/devi-orig/.nautilus/metafiles: Keine Berechtigung find: /home/devi-orig/.metacity: Keine Berechtigung find: /home/devi-orig/.inkscape: Keine Berechtigung ^C |
Команды, выполненные с привилегиями суперпользователя, выделяются слева красной чертой.
# id uid=0(root) gid=0(root) Gruppen=0(root) |
Изменения, внесённые в текстовый файл с помощью редактора, запоминаются и показываются в журнале в формате ed. Строки, начинающиеся символом "<", удалены, а строки, начинающиеся символом ">" -- добавлены.
$ vi ~/.bashrc
|
Для того чтобы изменить файл в соответствии с показанными в диффшоте изменениями, можно воспользоваться командой patch. Нужно скопировать изменения, запустить программу patch, указав в качестве её аргумента файл, к которому применяются изменения, и всавить скопированный текст:
$ patch ~/.bashrc |
Для того чтобы получить краткую справочную информацию о команде, нужно подвести к ней мышь. Во всплывающей подсказке появится краткое описание команды.
Если справочная информация о команде есть, команда выделяется голубым фоном, например: vi. Если справочная информация отсутствует, команда выделяется розовым фоном, например: notepad.exe. Справочная информация может отсутствовать в том случае, если (1) команда введена неверно; (2) если распознавание команды LiLaLo выполнено неверно; (3) если информация о команде неизвестна LiLaLo. Последнее возможно для редких команд.
Большие, в особенности многострочные, всплывающие подсказки лучше всего показываются браузерами KDE Konqueror, Apple Safari и Microsoft Internet Explorer. В браузерах Mozilla и Firefox они отображаются не полностью, а вместо перевода строки выводится специальный символ.
Время ввода команды, показанное в журнале, соответствует времени начала ввода командной строки, которое равно тому моменту, когда на терминале появилось приглашение интерпретатора
Имя терминала, на котором была введена команда, показано в специальном блоке. Этот блок показывается только в том случае, если терминал текущей команды отличается от терминала предыдущей.
Вывод не интересующих вас в настоящий момент элементов журнала, таких как время, имя терминала и других, можно отключить. Для этого нужно воспользоваться формой управления журналом вверху страницы.
Небольшие комментарии к командам можно вставлять прямо из командной строки. Комментарий вводится прямо в командную строку, после символов #^ или #v. Символы ^ и v показывают направление выбора команды, к которой относится комментарий: ^ - к предыдущей, v - к следующей. Например, если в командной строке было введено:
$ whoami
user
$ #^ Интересно, кто я?в журнале это будет выглядеть так:
$ whoami
user
Интересно, кто я? |
Если комментарий содержит несколько строк, его можно вставить в журнал следующим образом:
$ whoami
user
$ cat > /dev/null #^ Интересно, кто я?
Программа whoami выводит имя пользователя, под которым мы зарегистрировались в системе. - Она не может ответить на вопрос о нашем назначении в этом мире.В журнале это будет выглядеть так:
$ whoami user
|
Комментарии, не относящиеся непосредственно ни к какой из команд, добавляются точно таким же способом, только вместо симолов #^ или #v нужно использовать символы #=
1 2 3 4Группы команд, выполненных на разных терминалах, разделяются специальной линией. Под этой линией в правом углу показано имя терминала, на котором выполнялись команды. Для того чтобы посмотреть команды только одного сенса, нужно щёкнуть по этому названию.
LiLaLo (L3) расшифровывается как Live Lab Log.
Программа разработана для повышения эффективности обучения Unix/Linux-системам.
(c) Игорь Чубин, 2004-2008